NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
_________________
No. 16–254
_________________
WATER SPLASH, INC., PETITIONER
v. TARA MENON
on writ of certiorari to the court of appeals of texas, fourteenth district
[May 22, 2017]
Justice Alito delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case concerns the scope of the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil and Commercial Matters, Nov. 15, 1965 (Hague Service Convention), 20 U. S. T. 361, T. I. A. S. No. 6638. The purpose of that multilateral treaty is to simplify, standardize, and generally improve the process of serving documents abroad. Preamble,
ibid.; see
Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v.
Schlunk,
486 U. S. 694, 698 (1988). To that end, the Hague Service Convention specifies certain approved methods of service and “pre-empts inconsistent methods of service” wherever it applies.
Id., at 699. Today we address a question that has divided the lower courts: whether the Convention prohibits service by mail. We hold that it does not.
I
A
Petitioner Water Splash is a corporation that produces aquatic playground systems. Respondent Menon is a former employee of Water Splash. In 2013, Water Splash sued Menon in state court in Texas, alleging that she had begun working for a competitor while still employed by Water Splash. 472 S. W. 3d 28, 30 (Tex. App. 2015). Water Splash asserted several causes of action, including unfair competition, conversion, and tortious interference with business relations. Because Menon resided in Can- ada, Water Splash sought and obtained permission to effect service by mail.
Ibid. After Menon declined to answer or otherwise enter an appearance, the trial court issued a default judgment in favor of Water Splash. Menon moved to set aside the judgment on the ground that she had not been properly served, but the trial court denied the motion.
Ibid.
Menon appealed, arguing that service by mail does not “comport with the requirements of the Hague Service Convention.”
Ibid. The Texas Court of Appeals majority sided with Menon and held that the Convention prohibits service of process by mail.
Id., at 32. Justice Christopher dissented.
Id., at 34. The Court of Appeals declined to review the matter en banc, App. 95–96, and the Texas Supreme Court denied discretionary review,
id., at 97–98.
The disagreement between the panel majority and Justice Christopher tracks a broader conflict among courts as to whether the Convention permits service through postal channels. Compare,
e.g., Bankston v
. Toyota Motor Corp., 889 F. 2d 172, 173–174 (CA8 1989) (holding that the Convention prohibits service by mail), and
Nuovo Pignone, SpA v. S
torman Asia M/V, 310 F. 3d 374, 385 (CA5 2002) (same), with
, e.g., Brockmeyer v.
May, 383 F. 3d 798, 802 (CA9 2004) (holding that the Convention allows service by mail), and
Ackermann v.
Levine, 788 F. 2d 830, 838–840 (CA2 1986) (same). We granted certiorari to resolve that conflict. 580 U. S. ___ (2016).
B
The “primary innovation” of the Hague Service Convention—set out in Articles 2–7—is that it “requires each state to establish a central authority to receive requests for service of documents from other countries.”
Schlunk,
supra, at 698. When a central authority receives an appropriate request, it must serve the documents or arrange for their service, Art. 5, and then provide a certificate of service, Art. 6.
Submitting a request to a central authority is not, however, the only method of service approved by the Convention. For example, Article 8 permits service through diplomatic and consular agents; Article 11 provides that any two states can agree to methods of service not otherwise specified in the Convention; and Article 19 clarifies that the Convention does not preempt any internal laws of its signatories that permit service from abroad via methods not otherwise allowed by the Convention.
At issue in this case is Article 10 of the Convention, the English text of which reads as follows:
“Provided the State of destination does not object, the present Convention shall not interfere with—
“(a) the freedom to send judicial documents, by postal channels, directly to persons abroad,
“(b) the freedom of judicial officers, officials or other competent persons of the State of origin to effect service of judicial documents directly through the judicial officers, officials or other competent persons of the State of destination,
“(c) the freedom of any person interested in a judicial proceeding to effect service of judicial documents directly through the judicial officers, officials or other competent persons of the State of destination.” 20 U. S. T., at 363.
Articles 10(b) and 10(c), by their plain terms, address additional methods of service that are permitted by the Convention (unless the receiving state objects). By contrast, Article 10(a) does not expressly refer to “service.” The question in this case is whether, despite this textual difference, the Article 10(a) phrase “send judicial documents” encompasses sending documents
for the purposes of service.
II
A
In interpreting treaties, “we begin with the text of the treaty and the context in which the written words are used.”
Schlunk, 486 U. S., at 699 (internal quotation marks omitted). For present purposes, the key word in Article 10(a) is “send.” This is a broad term,[
1] and there is no apparent reason why it would exclude the transmission of documents for a particular purpose (namely, service). Moreover, the structure of the Hague Service Convention strongly counsels against such a reading.
The key structural point is that the scope of the Convention is limited to service of documents. Several elements of the Convention indicate as much. First, the preamble states that the Convention is intended “to ensure that judicial and extrajudicial documents
to be served abroad shall be brought to the notice of the addressee in sufficient time.” (Emphasis added.) And Article 1 defines the Convention’s scope by stating that the Convention “shall apply in all cases, in civil or commercial matters, where there is occasion to transmit a judicial or extrajudicial document
for service abroad.” (Emphasis added.) Even the Convention’s full title reflects that the Convention concerns “Service Abroad.”
We have also held as much.
Schlunk, 486 U. S., at 701 (stating that the Convention “applies only
to documents transmitted for service abroad”). As we explained, a preliminary draft of Article 1 was criticized “because it suggested that the Convention could apply to transmissions abroad that do not culminate in service.”
Ibid. The final version of Article 1, however, “eliminates this possibility.”
Ibid. The wording of Article 1 makes clear that the Convention “applies only
when there is both transmission of a document from the requesting state to the receiving state, and service upon the person for whom it is intended.”
Ibid.
In short, the text of the Convention reveals, and we have explicitly held, that the scope of the Convention is limited to service of documents. In light of that, it would be quite strange if Article 10(a)—apparently alone among the Convention’s provisions—concerned something other than service of documents.
Indeed, under that reading, Article 10(a) would be superfluous. The function of Article 10 is to ensure that, absent objection from the receiving state, the Convention “shall not interfere” with the activities described in 10(a), 10(b) and 10(c). But Article 1 already “eliminates [the] possibility” that the Convention would apply to any communications that “do not culminate in service,”
id., at 701, so it is hard to imagine how the Convention could interfere with any non-service communications. Accordingly, in order for Article 10(a) to do any work, it
must pertain to sending documents for the purposes of service.
Menon attempts to avoid this superfluity problem by suggesting that Article 10(a) does
refer to serving documents—but only
some documents. Specifically, she makes a distinction between two categories of service. According to Menon, Article 10(a) does not
apply to
service of process (which we have defined as “a formal delivery of documents that is legally sufficient to charge the defendant with notice of a pending action,”
id., at 700)). But Article 10(a) does apply, Menon suggests, to the service of “post-answer judicial documents” (that is, any additional documents which may have to be served later in the litigation). Brief for Respondent 30–31. The problem with this argument is that it lacks any plausible textual footing in Article 10.[
2]
If the drafters wished to limit Article 10(a) to a particular subset of documents, they presumably would have said so—as they did, for example, in Article 15, which refers to “a writ of summons or an equivalent document.” Instead, Article 10(a) uses the term “judicial documents”—the same term that is featured in 10(b) and 10(c). Accord- ingly, the notion that Article 10(a) governs a different set of documents than 10(b) or 10(c) is hard to fathom. And it certainly derives no support from the use of the word “send,” whose ordinary meaning is broad enough to cover the transmission of
any judicial documents (including litigation-initiating documents). Nothing about the word “send” suggests that Article 10(a) is
narrower than 10(b) and 10(c), let alone that Article 10(a) is somehow limited to “post-answer” documents.
Ultimately, Menon wishes to read the phrase “send judicial documents” as “serve a subset of judicial documents.” That is an entirely atextual reading, and Menon offers no sustained argument in support of it. Therefore, the only way to escape the conclusion that Article 10(a) includes service of process is to assert that it does not cover service of documents at all—and, as shown above, that reading is structurally implausible and renders Article 10(a) superfluous.
B
The text and structure of the Hague Service Convention, then, strongly suggest that Article 10(a) pertains to service of documents. The only significant counterargument is that, unlike many other provisions in the Convention, Article 10(a) does not include the word “service” or any of its variants. The Article 10(a) phrase “send judicial documents,” the argument goes, should mean something different than the phrase “effect service of judicial documents” in the other two subparts of Article 10.
This argument does not win the day for several reasons. First, it must contend with the compelling structural considerations discussed above. See
Air France v.
Saks,
470 U. S. 392, 397 (1985) (treaty interpretation must take account of the “context in which the written words are used”); cf.
University of Tex. Southwestern Medical Center v.
Nassar, 570 U. S. ___, ___ (2013) (slip op., at 13) (“Just as Congress’ choice of words is presumed to be deliberate, so too are its structural choices”).
Second, the argument fails on its own terms. Assume for a second that the word “send” must mean something other than “serve.” That would not imply that Article 10(a) must
exclude service. Instead, “send[ing]” could be a broader concept that includes service but is not limited to it. That reading of the word “send” is probably
more plausible than interpreting it to exclude service, and it does not create the same superfluity problem.[
3]
Third, it must be remembered that the French version of the Convention is “equally authentic” to the English version.
Schlunk, 486 U. S., at 699. Menon does not seri- ously engage with the Convention’s French text. But the word “adresser”—the French counterpart to the word “send” in Article 10(a)—“has been consistently interpreted as meaning service or notice.” Hague Conference on Private Int’l Law, Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Service Convention ¶279, p. 91 (4th ed. 2016).
In short, the most that could possibly be said for this argument is that it creates an ambiguity as to Article 10(a)’s meaning. And when a treaty provision is ambiguous, the Court “may look beyond the written words to the history of the treaty, the negotiations, and the practical construction adopted by the parties.”
Schlunk,
supra, at 700 (internal quotation marks omitted). As discussed below, these traditional tools of treaty interpretation comfortably resolve any lingering ambiguity in Water Splash’s favor.
III
Three extratextual sources are especially helpful in ascertaining Article 10(a)’s meaning: the Convention’s drafting history, the views of the Executive, and the views of other signatories.
Drafting history has often been used in treaty interpretation. See
Medellín v.
Texas,
552 U. S. 491, 507 (2008);
Saks,
supra, at 400; see also
Schlunk,
supra, at 700 (analyzing the negotiating history of the Hague Service Convention). Here, the Convention’s drafting history strongly suggests that Article 10(a) allows service through postal channels.
Philip W. Amram was the member of the United States delegation who was most closely involved in the drafting of the Convention. See S. Exec. Rep. No. 6, 90th Cong., 1st Sess. 5 (App.) (1967) (S. Exec. Rep.) (statement of State Department Deputy Legal Adviser Richard D. Kearney). A few months before the Convention was signed, he published an article describing and summarizing it. In that article, he stated that “Article 10 permits direct service by mail . . . unless [the receiving] state objects to such service.” The Proposed International Convention on the Service of Documents Abroad, 51 A. B. A. J. 650, 653 (1965).[
4]
Along similar lines, the Rapporteur’s report on a draft version of Article 10—which did not materially differ from the final version—stated that the “provision of paragraph 1 also permits service . . . by telegram” and that the drafters “did not accept the proposal that postal channels be limited to registered mail.” 1 Ristau §4–3–5(a), at 149. In other words, it was clearly understood that service by postal channels was permissible, and the only question was whether it should be limited to registered mail.
The Court also gives “great weight” to “the Executive Branch’s interpretation of a treaty.”
Abbott v.
Abbott,
560 U. S. 1, 15 (2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). In the half century since the Convention was adopted, the Executive has consistently maintained that the Hague Service Convention allows service by mail.
When President Johnson transmitted the Convention to the Senate for its advice and consent, he included a report by Secretary of State Dean Rusk. That report stated that “Article 10 permits direct service by mail . . . unless [the receiving] state objects to such service.” Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters: Message From the President of the United States, S. Exec. Doc. C, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., 5 (1967).
In 1989, the Eighth Circuit issued
Bankston, the first Federal Court of Appeals decision holding that the Hague Service Convention prohibits service by mail. 889 F. 2d, at 174. The State Department expressed its disagreement with
Bankston in a letter addressed to the Administrative Office of the U. S. Courts and the National Center for State Courts. See Notice of Other Documents (1), United States Department of State Opinion Regarding the
Bankston Case and Service by Mail to Japan Under the Hague Service Convention, 30 I. L. M. 260, 260–261 (1991) (excerpts of Mar. 14, 1990, letter). The letter stated that “
Bankston is incorrect to the extent that it suggests that the Hague Convention does not permit as a method of service of process the sending of a copy of a summons and complaint by registered mail to a defendant in a foreign country.”
Id., at 261. The State Department takes the same position on its website.[
5]
Finally, this Court has given “considerable weight” to the views of other parties to a treaty.
Abbott, 560 U. S., at 16 (internal quotation marks omitted); see
Lozano v.
Montoya Alvarez, 572 U. S. ___, ___ (2014) (slip op., at 9) (noting the importance of “read[ing] the treaty in a manner consistent with the
shared expectations of the contracting parties” (internal quotation marks omitted)). And other signatories to the Convention have consistently adopted Water Splash’s view.
Multiple foreign courts have held that the Hague Service Convention allows for service by mail.[
6] In addition, several of the Convention’s signatories have either objected, or declined to object, to service by mail under Article 10, thereby acknowledging that Article 10 encompasses service by mail.[
7] Finally, several Special Commissions—comprising numerous contracting States—have expressly stated that the Convention does not prohibit service by mail.[
8] By contrast, Menon identifies no evidence that any signatory has ever rejected Water Splash’s view.
* * *
In short, the traditional tools of treaty interpretation unmistakably demonstrate that Article 10(a) encompasses service by mail. To be clear, this does not mean that the Convention affirmatively
authorizes service by mail. Article 10(a) simply provides that, as long as the receiving state does not object, the Convention does not “interfere with . . . the freedom” to serve documents through postal channels. In other words, in cases governed by the Hague Service Convention, service by mail is permissible if two conditions are met: first, the receiving state has not objected to service by mail; and second, service by mail is authorized under otherwise-applicable law. See
Brockmeyer, 383 F. 3d, at 803–804.
Because the Court of Appeals concluded that the Convention prohibited service by mail outright, it had no occasion to consider whether Texas law authorizes the methods of service used by Water Splash. We leave that question, and any other remaining issues, to be considered on remand to the extent they are properly preserved.
For these reasons, we vacate the judgment of the Court of Appeals, and we remand the case for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.
Justice Gorsuch took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
