By the laws of Alabama, an administrator
de bonis non
with the will annexed is liable for assets in the hands of a former
executor.
Where an executor has settled what appears to be a final
account, it must be a very strong case of fraud proved in such a
settlement, or of clear accident or mistake, to make it just to
reopen and revise the account after the lapse of twenty years and
the death of the parties concerned.
Where a person who held land as trustee directed by his will
that the whole of the property that he may die seized and possessed
of or may be in any wise belonging to him should be sold, the
executors had power to sell the land held in trust as well as that
belonging to the testator in his own right.
The trustee, by his will, having appointed residuary legatees,
must be considered as devising the trust as well as the lands to
these residuary legatees, who thus became themselves trustees for
the original
cestui que trust.
The power in the executors to sell was a power coupled with a
trust. It might also be considered as a power coupled with an
interest. The distinction between these powers adverted to.
In order to avoid an escheat and carry out the wishes of the
testator, a court of equity will, if necessary, consider land as
money where a testator who is a trustee has directed the land to be
sold, and will direct the proceeds to be given to the
cestui
que trust.
Whether the executor had a power to sell coupled with a trust or
a power coupled with an interest, the residuary legatees took by
devise and not by descent, although they were supposed to be also
the
cestui que trusts.
If, therefore, they were aliens, the land did not escheat on the
death of the trustee, because land taken by devise does not escheat
until office found, although land cast by descent does.
The testator, who held the lands as trustee, having died in
South Carolina, the executor took out letters testamentary in that
state, sold the lands which were in Kentucky, and then removed his
residence to Alabama. He can be sued in Alabama for the proceeds of
the lands, because his transactions in reference to them were not
necessarily connected with the settlement of the estate under his
letters testamentary.
Having sold the lands and received the consideration, he must be
responsible to the residuary legatees.
An objection that only one executor sold (there having
originally been four) cannot be sustained. Where a power is coupled
with a trust, it is only necessary to show such a case as may in a
court of equity make an agent or trustee liable to those for whom
he acts. As much strictness is not required as there would be if
the power to sell were a naked one, and not coupled with an
interest or trust.
A power to sell coupled either with an interest or trust
survives to the surviving executor. So also, if all the trustees or
executors in such a case decline to act except one.
When a sale is made under a will, the omission to record the
will does not vitiate the sale unless recording is made necessary
by a local statute.
The land being in fact sold by the executor, claiming a right to
do so under the will, and the purchase money being received by him,
he is responsible to the
cestui que trusts for the money
thus received. The reception of an additional sum as purchase money
by them, with a reservation of the right to sue the executor, is
not an avoidance of the first sale by the executor.
But the executor is not responsible for more money than he
received, with interest, unless in case of very supine negligence
or willful default. A claim for damages would also be subject to
the operation of the statute of limitations.
Page 46 U. S. 234
If the executor himself did not set up a claim as an offset for
his personal expenses, his representative cannot do it under the
circumstances of this case.
The
cestui que trusts residing in a foreign country,
the statute of limitations did not begin to run until a demand was
made upon the executor for the money. His retaining it during that
time is no evidence that he did not intend to account for it.
Although the bill made no distinction between the two characters
in which the executor acted -- namely as executor proper and as
executor having a power coupled with a trust -- yet, as no
objection was taken in the court below upon this ground, this Court
does not think that an amendment is imperatively necessary. The
material facts are alleged upon which the claim rests.
These cases were twice before partially brought to the notice of
the court, and are reported in
42 U. S. 1 How.
282, and
43 U. S. 2 How.
395.
The bill was originally filed by Samuel Taylor, the father of
William, George, Eliza, and Elspet, together with his nephews,
William Rainey, Alexander Rainey, and his niece, Elizabeth Rainey,
against George M. Savage, executor of Samuel Savage, deceased. The
object of the bill was to hold the estate of Samuel Savage
responsible for certain moneys which it was alleged he had received
during his lifetime in his capacity of executor of William F.
Taylor, a citizen of the State of South Carolina, and also for his
alleged neglect of lands in Kentucky, by which they were lost.
The record was very voluminous, as a great mass of evidence was
filed in the court below, all of which was brought up to this
Court.
The claim divided itself into two distinct branches, one arising
from transactions in South Carolina, where William F. Taylor, the
testator, died and where letters testamentary where taken out by
Samuel Savage, and the other from transactions in the State of
Kentucky. Each of these branches will be stated separately.
William F. Taylor resided in South Carolina, where he had been
naturalized in 1796. Savage lived with him for some time, and
afterwards continued to reside in the vicinity. In 1811, Taylor
died, leaving a will which was admitted to probate on 11 August,
1811.
At the time of his death, the brother and sister of the testator
-- namely, Samuel Taylor and Mary Taylor -- were both alive,
married and had issue. Their children ultimately became parties to
this suit, and their names are in the title of the case. Samuel
Taylor had two sons, namely William and George, and two daughters,
namely Eliza, who intermarried with William Primrose, and Elspet,
who intermarried with George Porter. Mary Taylor intermarried with
William Rainey, and her issue were two sons and a daughter, namely,
William, Alexander, and Elizabeth.
The first section of William F. Taylor's will was as follows,
namely:
Page 46 U. S. 235
"First. I do hereby order, will, and direct, that [on] the first
day of January first after my decease or as near that day as can
conveniently be, that the whole of the property that I may die
seized and possessed of or may in any wise belong to me be sold on
the following terms and conditions, that is to say, all the
personal property on a credit of twelve months from the day of
sale, purchasers giving notes of hand or bonds, with security to
the satisfaction of my executors, and all landed or real property
belonging or in any wise appertaining to me shall be sold on a
credit of one, two, and three years, by equal installments,
purchasers to give bond, bearing interest from the date, with
securities to the satisfaction of my executors, and moreover a
mortgage on the premises."
The second section gave a legacy to his negro woman Sylvia.
The third and fourth sections also bequeathed legacies to
particular individuals.
The fifth and sixth sections were as follows:
"Fifthly. I do hereby will, order, give, grant and devise all
the remainder or residue of my estate which shall be remaining
after paying the before-mentioned legacies to my dearly beloved
brother, Samuel Taylor, of the Parish of Drumblait and Shire of
Aberdeen, in Scotland, and to my beloved sister, Mary Taylor, of
the same place, share and share alike, provided they shall both be
alive at the time of my decease, and have issue, which issue, after
their respective deaths, shall share the same equally; but if
either the said Samuel Taylor or said Mary Taylor shall die without
issue, then the survivor, or, if both shall be dead, the issue of
the said Samuel Taylor or Mary Taylor, whichsoever shall leave the
same, shall be entitled to the whole of the said remainder or
residue of my said estate, share and share alike."
"And sixthly and lastly, I do hereby nominate, constitute, and
appoint my friends, Samuel Savage, Esquire, of the District of
Abbeville and State of South Carolina, Patrick McDowell, of the
City of Savannah and State of Georgia, merchant, Duncan Matheson
and William Ross, of the City of Augusta and State of Georgia,
merchants, executors of this my last will and testament, hereby
revoking and making void all former wills and testaments, at any
time by me heretofore made, and do declare this to be my last will
and testament."
The executors all qualified as such. No bond was given, as
neither the laws of the state nor the practice of the court
required a bond from an executor under a will. This narrative will
treat,
1st. Of the transactions in South Carolina where all the
executors acted.
2d. Of the Kentucky lands, where Savage acted alone.
1. With respect to what was done in South Carolina.
On 30 September, 1811, an inventory and appraisement were made
of the goods and chattels of the deceased. But as the
Page 46 U. S. 236
amount was not added up, it cannot properly be stated, and on 18
January, 1812, an additional inventory and appraisement were made,
which latter amounted to $808.12. A list of notes and accounts due
to the estate was also handed in by Savage, as one of the
executors. Ross also filed a list of notes, bonds, and open
accounts belonging to the estate in his possession.
In January, 1812, the four executors made sales of the real and
personal property amounting to $24,011.46, and returned a list
thereof to the Court of Ordinary. The law at that time did not
require an account of sales to be recorded. After this, McDowell
did not appear, by the record, to have any further participation in
the settlement of the estate.
Savage, Matheson, and Ross, each filed separate accounts. Those
of Matheson and Ross will be disposed of before taking up those of
Savage.
Matheson filed but one account, namely, on 30 March, 1813, by
which a balance was due to the executor of $281.76.
Ross filed three accounts, namely:
1813, March 30. Balance due the estate, $4,034.80
1814, April 4. Balance due the estate, 6,093.63
1815, April 4. Balance due the estate 6,299.77
Ross does not appear to have filed any further accounts, and
what became of this balance the record does not show. It does not
appear to have been paid over to Savage, but the complainants, in
their bill, disavowed all claim against Ross.
Savage filed ten accounts, one in each year till 1818, April
22.
The last-mentioned account was as follows:
DR.
The Estate of Wm. F. Taylor, deceased, with Samuel
CR.
Savage, Executor
1818
March 11, V To cash paid ordinary . . . . . . $ 1.75
V To cash paid Butler & Brooks. . . 23.62 1/2
V To cash paid Butler & Hammond . . 16.00
14, V To cash paid James Day. . . . . . 2.50
To expenses to Edgefield court-
house and to Augusta. . . . . . 25.25
22, V To cash paid M. Mims, clerk &c.
for cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.18 3/4
V To cash paid the clerk. . . . . . 1.56 1/4
--------------
87.87 1/2
My commissions on $10,393.42 1/2,
at 2 1/2. . . . . . . . . . . . 259.82
My commissions on 87.87 1/2 . . . 2.18
--------------
$349.87 1/2
--------------
Page 46 U. S. 237
March 22, V Cash paid the ordinary. . . . . . 1.18 3/4
Expenses at Edgefield court-house 5.00
April 22, V Cash paid Adam Hutchinson, attorney
for the parties interested. . . 10,037.36 1/4
--------------
$ 10,043.55
1818
March 14, By balance due the estate, as per
last return . . . . . . . . . . . 9,966.97 1/2
By cash received of adm'r L.
Hammond . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180.00
By cash received of adm'r Wm. Hall,
it being the balance of his bond
and interest, after deducting
$200 under a compromise of a
land case . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.45
--------------
$10,393.42 1/2
Deduct amount from the other side -349.87 1/2
--------------
$10,043.55
--------------
Amount balanced $10,043.55
"The account current, received in the ordinary's office on the
oath of Samuel Savage, executor, 22 April, 1818, and find vouchers
for every item marked with the letter V on the left-hand
margin."
"JON. SIMKINS,
O.E.D."
At the time of filing this account, there was filed also the
following receipt:
"Received of Samuel Savage, executor of the estate of Wm. F.
Taylor, deceased, the sum of ten thousand and thirty-seven dollars
and thirty-six and one quarter cents, in full of his actings and
doings on the said estate up to this date, as per his account
current this day rendered to the ordinary of Edgefield District. I
say, received by me this twenty-second of April, anno. Domini
1818."
"SAMUEL TAYLOR,"
"WILLIAM RAINEY, and"
"MARY RAINEY, his wife"
"Per ADAM HUTCHINSON"
"
Their Attorney"
These accounts of Savage have been stated together in order not
to make a break in the narrative. It will be necessary now to go
back in the order of time.
On 14 February, 1815, Savage applied, by petition, to one of the
judges of the Court of Equity in South Carolina for authority to
loan out the funds of the estate, praying the court to make such
order as might seem equitable and just. Whereupon the
Page 46 U. S. 238
court passed an order that the petitioner should lend out the
money on a credit of twelve months, on such good security as he
might approve of.
At some time in the year 1815, Samuel Taylor came to the United
States.
On 9 February, 1816, he executed the following paper:
"GEORGIA,
City of Augusta: "
"Whereas Samuel Savage, one of the executors of the last will
and testament of William F. Taylor, late of Edgefield District,
South Carolina, deceased, and Samuel Taylor, brother of the said
William F. Taylor, deceased, for himself and in behalf of his
sister, Mary Rainey, and her husband, William Rainey, of Scotland,
being desirous of adjusting the affairs of said estate so far as
have come to the hands of the said Samuel Savage, consent and agree
that the said executor shall pay over to the said Samuel Taylor at
this time as much money as he can spare, and on or before the first
of April ensuing, to pay over all the money that may be collected
on account of said estate. The said Samuel Taylor, for himself and
in behalf of his said sister Mary and her said husband, doth hereby
consent and agree, on receiving from the said executor all the
moneys that can be collected by the first of April next, to allow
the said executor two years from this time to close the remaining
business of said estate, and for the money heretofore deposited in
the Bank of Augusta and which has since been put out at interest,
no interest will be required of the said executor for said money
during the time the same remained in bank, and [on] all moneys
which may be collected hereafter by the said executor no interest
will be required, provided the same shall be paid over to the said
Samuel Taylor, or his lawful agent, in a reasonable time after the
same shall have been collected. The said executor hath permission
to compromise all doubtful claims or debts due to the said William
F. Taylor in his lifetime or any litigated cases relating to the
recovery of lands in South Carolina."
"Given under my hand this 9 February, 1816."
"SAMUEL TAYLOR"
"For himself and for my sister,"
"MARY RAINEY, and"
"WILLIAM RAINEY, her husband"
"Test: NICHOLAS WARE"
On the day of the execution of the above, namely, 9 February,
1816, Savage paid to Taylor $5,300, and on 26 March following the
further sum of $4,700, both of which are entered in the account
settled on 3 February, 1817, with the Court of Ordinary.
On 2 April, 1816, Samuel Taylor executed a power of
Page 46 U. S. 239
attorney to Adam Hutchinson and Peter Bennock or either of them,
authorizing them to receive on behalf of his sister, Mary Rainey,
and her husband, William Rainey, all sums of money which were, are,
or may become due and owing to the estate of the late William F.
Taylor, and to sue for or prosecute all actions necessary for the
recovery of a real estate in the State of Kentucky belonging to
him, the said Taylor, and his sister.
On 26 September, 1817, Savage addressed a letter to Taylor
representing that there was great difficulty in collecting money
due to the estate, his anxiety to bring the matter to a settlement,
that during the winter he would be able to pay three or four
thousand dollars, but that he must advance it out of money arising
from the sale of a tract of land of his own, &c.
On 22 April, 1818, Savage paid to Hutchison the sum of
$10,037.36, as already mentioned.
In 1818, Savage went to Kentucky, and we pass on to the other
branch of the complainants' claim, namely,
2. Transactions respecting Kentucky lands.
In order to understand the position of William Forbes Taylor,
the testator, with regard to these lands, it will be necessary to
recur to the original and subsequent titles.
On 25 May, 1786, Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, in
consideration of six land office Treasury warrants as well as by
virtue and in consideration of a military warrant under the King of
Great Britain's proclamation of 1763, granted to Daniel Broadhead,
Jr., a tract of land containing four thousand four hundred acres,
beginning &c.
On 30 September, 1786, Broadhead conveyed the land to William
Forbes, of the City of Philadelphia, in consideration of the sum of
�183, Pennsylvania currency.
On 19 February, 1794, Forbes conveyed the land to John Phillips
for the consideration of �37 10s.
On 3 June, 1802, John Phillips conveyed the same land to Mary
Forbes, widow and administratrix of William Forbes, deceased, in
trust for the right heir or heirs of the above-named William
Forbes. The consideration was one dollar.
On 17 September, 1805, Mary Forbes, widow and administratrix,
conveyed the land to William Forbes Taylor, of South Carolina, in
trust for the right heir of William Forbes, deceased. The
consideration was one dollar.
In 1808, Taylor went to Kentucky and caused about thirty
ejectments to be brought against the occupants of the land.
In 1811, William F. Taylor died.
On 14 September, 1815, Mary Taylor, otherwise Rainey, and her
husband, William Rainey, executed a power of attorney to Patrick
McDowell and Samuel Taylor authorizing them to sue for &c., all
houses and lands which belonged to
Page 46 U. S. 240
William Forbes. The power contained the recital of a pedigree by
which Mary Taylor claimed to be the niece and one of the heirs of
William Forbes, deceased, and of his intestate son, Nathaniel
Forbes.
In 1818, Samuel Savage, the executor of Taylor, went to
Kentucky, and whilst there executed two deeds, one to Alexander
McDonald and others, and one to Zachariah Peters and others, for
portions of the land in question. The sums which he is stated in
the deeds to have received are $800 in one case, and $1,318 in the
other.
In 1818, Savage removed from South Carolina to Tennessee, and
afterwards to Alabama.
In 1836, William Primrose, who had married Eliza Taylor, the
daughter of Samuel Taylor, went to Kentucky and made a compromise
with many of the settlers on the land.
In June, 1837, Primrose visited Savage in Alabama and inquired
what had become of the Kentucky lands, to which Savage replied that
they had never been sold, but upon the production of the two deeds
above mentioned, admitted that he had executed them, but denied
that he had ever received any money for them.
In December, 1837, Savage died, and George M. Savage became his
executor.
On 1 September, 1838, the bill in this case was filed by Samuel
Taylor, William Rainey, Alexander Rainey, and Elizabeth Rainey (all
of whom were aliens, residing in Scotland) against George M.
Savage, the executor of Samuel Savage, deceased.
The bill states that William F. Taylor, who was a native of
Scotland but a naturalized citizen of the United States, died in
the Edgefield District in South Carolina, about the year 1811,
having first made his last will, which was duly proved and admitted
to record before the Court of Ordinary in the Edgefield District on
11 August, 1811, and appointed Patrick McDowell, Duncan Matheson,
William Ross, and Samuel Savage his executors, who, on the said 11
August, 1811, were duly qualified as such, and took upon themselves
the trust reposed in them.
By the provisions of the will, the bill further states, after
the payment of sundry legacies, all of which it is suggested were
paid, the testator gave, granted, and devised all the remainder or
residue of his estate, remaining after the payment of said
legacies, to his brother, Samuel Taylor, of the Parish of Drumblait
and Shire of Aberdeen in Scotland, and to his sister, Mary Taylor,
of the same place, share and share alike, provided that both of
them were alive at the time of the testator's death and have issue,
which issue, after the respective deaths of his brother and sister,
were to share the same equally, but if either of them should die
without issue, then the survivor, or, if both should be dead, the
issue of said Samuel and Mary, were to be entitled to the whole of
the remainder or residue of said estate, share and share alike.
Page 46 U. S. 241
The bill further states that the residuary legatees were alive
at the time of the testator's death; that they were both legally
married, and respectively had issue; that the sister, Mary Taylor,
is dead, and that the complainants, William, Alexander, and
Elizabeth Rainey, are her issue.
The bill further states that the executors executed their trusts
severally; that Matheson and Ross departed this life, the first in
1812 and the last 1816; that the principal part of the business
appertaining to the estate in Georgia was under the management of
McDowell, and that in South Carolina under that of Savage; that
Matheson and Ross fully settled their accounts in their lifetime,
and that the balances due from them have been fully paid to the
complainants.
The bill further states that the bulk of the testator's estate
was in South Carolina, and was managed, as before mentioned, by
Savage, and that an amount of property belonging to the estate,
equal in value of $100,000, went into Savage's hands, of which the
sum of fifty thousand dollars has never been accounted for.
The bill further states that, at the time of the testator's
death, Savage was justly indebted to him on open account, as stated
on the testator's books, in the sum of $789.70, which was never
noticed in the inventory of Savage as returned to the ordinary;
that he received, in cash on hand at the time of the testator's
death, the sum of $681.75, of which no return was ever made by
Savage; and that Savage fraudulently concealed his indebtedness,
and the receipt of the last-mentioned sum of money. In proof of
these statements, an inventory and appraisement of the effects of
the testator in South Carolina are exhibited, from which it is
alleged it will appear that no returns were made of the
last-mentioned liabilities, and from which it will also appear, as
it is further alleged, no returns were made of debts due to the
estate, although a large amount of debts due by bond, note, and
account came to Savage's hands.
The complainants charge that there is no account of sales
returned to the Court of Ordinary by Savage; that a large quantity
of valuable land in South Carolina was sold by the executors, the
proceeds of which, to the amount of several thousand dollars, went
into Savage's hands, and have never been accounted for; that they
have examined the records of the said Court of Ordinary, and cannot
find that any final settlement was ever made therein by Savage;
that only partial accounts were rendered by him, of which they file
transcripts as exhibits, marked from 1 to 10; that an item of
$10,037.55, in exhibit 10, which is alleged to have been paid to
the attorney in fact of the complainants, is untrue; and they
require proof not only of the payment, but of the authority of
Hutchinson (the person to whom it purports to have been paid), to
receive it; that the exhibit 10 appears to be the last attempt on
the part of
Page 46 U. S. 242
Savage to render an account, and they charge the fact to be that
Savage retained $3,232.31 for commissions and traveling expenses
without charging himself with any interest on the amount of money
received by him, which alone would amount to the sum of $5,000, up
to the time that Savage alleges it to have been paid over by him to
the legatees; and that amount, at least, with interest to the time
of filing the bill, the complainants claim as their undisputed
right.
The complainants further charge that in the year 1818, Savage
removed to Tennessee; that in the same year he went to Kentucky,
where the testator had lands to a large amount and of great value;
that he then fraudulently represented himself to be the only
surviving executor of the said estate, although McDowell was still
living, and that regardless of the provisions of the will requiring
the lands to be sold on a credit of one, two, and three years, with
securities and a mortgage on the premises sold, Savage sold for
cash 1,059 acres of the land for the sum of $2,118; in proof of
which they refer to exhibits D and C, which are copies of deeds
executed by Savage to Alexander McDonald and others, to Zachariah
Peters and others, of record in Kentucky.
They charge these lands to have been then worth eight dollars
per acre, and would have sold for that if the terms of the will had
been complied with, and that the lands were worth at the time of
filing the bill forty dollars an acre.
They further state that Savage, shortly after these sales,
removed to Lauderdale County, Alabama, where he resided until his
death, which occurred about the month of December, 1837; that he
never made any return of said sales, but fraudulently concealed
them from the complainants; that Primrose, the attorney in fact of
the complainants, inquired of Savage a few months before his death
if anything had ever been done with the Kentucky lands, and that he
fraudulently answered that they were unavailable, and had never
been sold; which statement he continued to make until the deeds
were shown to him, and then he acknowledged he had sold them.
They further state that the quantity of lands actually embraced
in the deeds C and D was at least two hundred acres more than the
quantity mentioned therein; that besides the lands above referred
to, the testator had, in Kentucky, other lands to the amount of
thirty thousand acres, more or less, of the value of $500,000, all
of which could have been sold by Savage, or by proper diligence
secured to the estate; that he neglected to attend to the
last-mentioned lands; that after they were secured to the testator
by judgments at law, bills in chancery were filed by the settlers
thereon, in the Kentucky courts, and through the gross neglect of
Savage decrees were permitted to go in their favor, and the lands
were lost.
They further state that George M. Savage had become the personal
representative of Samuel Savage, and they make him a defendant to
the bill.
Page 46 U. S. 243
Finally, they pray for an account and that the defendant, the
executor, be decreed to pay the amount due from Samuel Savage; that
he be decreed to pay either the actual value of the Kentucky lands
sold by Samuel Savage or their present value, with interest,
together with the value of the lands lost by Samuel Savage's
negligence.
On 25 March, 1839, George M. Savage, the defendant, filed his
answer.
The answer denies that Samuel Savage undertook the execution of
the will or the trusts therein, as regarded any property or effects
whatever of the testator, or other duty, beyond the limits of South
Carolina. On the contrary, as far as he had knowledge or belief,
the will was never admitted to record or proven in any other state
than South Carolina, nor did the executors qualify in any other
state, and he expressly states that they did not qualify, nor was
the will ever proven or recorded, in Kentucky, to the defendant's
knowledge; nor was it the right or duty of the executors to
interfere with the testator's property situated in any foreign
jurisdiction beyond the limits of South Carolina, where the
testator was domiciled at the time of his death.
The answer declines admitting that Samuel or Mary Taylor, or
either, took any estate or interest in the property of the testator
under the will or that they are in any manner entitled under the
same. On the contrary, he charges that the bequests in the will are
void, and vest no interest or estate either in the said Samuel or
Mary, either as legatees or otherwise, or in the complainants. Nor
is it admitted that the complainants are the next of kin, having
right to prosecute this suit, but on the contrary the supposed
claim of Mary Taylor could only be prosecuted through the authority
of her personal representative, legally appointed in the courts of
the United States.
The defendant further states that it is not true that the
principal part of the business of the estate in South Carolina was
under the management of Samuel Savage exclusively; on the contrary,
the four executors jointly executed and filed in the Court of
Ordinary of the Edgefield District a true and perfect inventory of
the estate, together with an account of sales of both real and
personal estate, as appears by the exhibits L and M.
The defendant further states that Samuel Savage had nothing to
do with estate in Georgia; that the property both real and personal
in South Carolina, which came or ought to have come to the hands of
the said Savage, was truly accounted for, as also appears by
exhibits L and M, and the various settlements made by Savage from
time to time in the Court of Ordinary, which are contained in
exhibit N.
The defendant denies that there was any property or estate or
other effects of that testator in South Carolina which was not
accounted for in the said court.
Page 46 U. S. 244
The defendant denies that $100,000 of the testator's estate went
into Savage's hands, full fifty thousand of which was never
accounted for. On the contrary, the before-mentioned records
exhibit a full and complete accounts of all property or effects
which came or ought to have come into Savage's hands, all of which
has been truly accounted for and paid over to Samuel and Mary
Taylor or their agent.
The defendant denies the indebtedness of Savage for the account
of $789.70.
The defendant also denies the allegation in the bill that Savage
received $681.75, cash on hand, at the testator's death.
The defendant also denies the charge of fraudulently concealing
the before-mentioned items of indebtedness from complainants.
The defendant, further answering, states that the exhibit L
corresponds with exhibit B in the complainant's bill, and denies
that no return of debts due to the estate was made to the court by
the executors; on the contrary, he avers that Samuel Savage and
Ross, in January and February, 1812, severally returned and filed
in the said court an inventory of the bonds, notes, accounts, and
other claims due to the estate, as appears by exhibits O and P in
the answer, which include all that was due from all sources, as far
as the defendant has heard, knows, or believes.
The defendant, further answering, denies the allegation in the
bill, that no account of sales was ever returned to the ordinary by
Samuel Savage; on the contrary, the records show a complete and
full return of sales, of both real and personal estate, made by
Savage and the other executors.
The defendant also denies that a large quantity of valuable land
in South Carolina was sold by the executors and that the proceeds,
to the amount of several thousand dollars went into the hands of
Samuel Savage; on the contrary, the executors sold no lands in
South Carolina but what are fully accounted for to the said
court.
The defendant insists that Samuel Savage, as the executor in
South Carolina, on 22 April, 1818, made a full, fair, and final
settlement of all his transactions with said estate in the said
Court of Ordinary, in presence of Adam Hutchinson, the attorney of
the said Samuel and Mary Taylor; the accounts of the said Samuel
Savage were then balanced, and the sum due from him paid over in
said court to the said Hutchinson, as the attorney and agent
aforesaid, as will appear by the exhibit N, and also by a copy of a
receipt of Samuel Taylor and William Rainey and wife, by the said
Hutchinson, as their attorney, executed in their name to Samuel
Savage, on 22 April, 1818, for the sum of $10,037.36 1/4, filed as
exhibit T.
The defendant denies that Samuel Savage ever applied the money
of the estate to his private use.
Page 46 U. S. 245
The defendant alleges that the said Samuel Savage stated to him
that he had never made any interest out of the funds of the estate,
and the defendant asserts that he believes the statement to be
true.
The defendant further states that the complainants can set up no
claim for interest, because, on the ninth of February, 1818, Samuel
Taylor, for himself and his sister, the said Mary Rainey, and her
husband, William Rainey, executed the exhibit § to the said
Samuel Savage, which is an agreement, made under circumstances
mentioned in detail by the defendant, in substance as follows:
"The said Samuel Taylor, and the said William and Mary agreed
that Samuel Savage should pay over to the said Samuel Taylor, at
that time, as much money as he could spare, and in the ensuing
April to pay over such other moneys as might be collected on
account of the estate; and the said parties agreed, on receiving
all moneys that could be collected by the first of April ensuing,
to allow the said Samuel Savage two years from that date to close
the remaining business of the estate; that for the money
theretofore deposited in the Augusta Bank, no interest was to be
required for the time the same remained in bank; and that on all
moneys that might be collected by the said Samuel Savage, no
interest was to be required, provided that same should be paid over
to the said Samuel Taylor, or his agent in a reasonable time after
it was collected."
The defendant further states that on the very day of the
agreement, Samuel Savage paid to Taylor, for himself and his
sister, the sum of $5,300, as appears by Taylor's receipt. And on
26 March, 1816, he again paid the sum of $4,700, as per Taylor's
receipt; that Samuel Savage proceeded with all dispatch to close
the remaining business, and in April, 1818, as before stated, made
the final settlement of the estate, all which, it is insisted, is a
complete bar to interest.
The defendant further states that Samuel Savage did not retain
the sum of $3,232.31 for commission and traveling expenses, but the
exhibit N will show that he did retain, which the defendant insists
was a reasonable sum, and came before the ordinary for
examination.
The defendant further states that as late as March, 1816, Samuel
Taylor was satisfied with the manner in which Savage conducted the
business of the estate, as appears by a copy of a letter dated 26
March, 1816, exhibit Z; that shortly after the date of this letter,
Taylor left the United States, having first constituted the said
Adam Hutchinson the agent of the legatees to supervise the
management of the estate, and finally to settle it, and receive the
moneys. And a copy of the power of attorney to Hutchinson is
exhibited, G, the original being destroyed.
From that time, no further claim is set up, and the whole
business sleeps for more than twenty years, when this attempt is
made to overhaul the accounts and settlements before the
ordinary.
Page 46 U. S. 246
The defendant therefore insists:
1. That the settlements are absolutely conclusive, and that it
is not competent for any other court to open and inquire into the
correctness or regularity of the proceedings before the
ordinary.
2. That, if not conclusive, they are
prima facie
evidence of the correctness of the settlements.
3. Upon the statute of limitations and lapse of time, as
evidence that the estate has been settled, and all the moneys paid
over.
As to the Kentucky lands, the defendant states he is informed
and believes that the testator was not the owner of any lands in
that state at the time of his death or since; that a suit was there
pending many years before his death for 4,000 or 5,000 acres of
land, and prosecuted till 8 January, 1818, when judgments were
recovered &c., is not denied; and the defendant has been
informed that Primrose, the pretended agent of the complainants, in
the year 1836, made a compromise with the tenants in possession of
the said lands, by which, for an inconsiderable sum, he agreed to
release the claims of the complainants. But if, on investigation,
it should be that the testator had title, then the defendant
insists:
1. That that title, upon his death, escheated to Kentucky, and
that if the lands were ever subject to trusts, such as those in the
will, the same were lost when the lands escheated, and could not be
enforced either in law or equity.
2. That the power to sell, being a naked power and having been
conferred on four executors, could not be executed by one so as to
convey the title.
The defendant admits that Samuel Savage, in the year 1818, did
go to Kentucky, and that he executed the papers D and C, exhibited
in the bill; but he denies that he fraudulently represented himself
as the only surviving executor, and he also denies that the
execution of the deeds violated the provisions of the will or that
he had authority, however he may have thought so himself, to convey
the lands under the will.
The defendant further insists that the sales were merely void,
and did not affect the rights of the complainants, on another
ground -- that McDowell, another executor, was alive at the date of
the deeds and did not join in the conveyance.
The defendant further denies that the lands in Kentucky were
sold for cash, but for an inconsiderable amount in property.
And if it shall be material, he pleads as to the consideration
for the sale of those lands the statute of limitation and lapse of
time.
The defendant admits that Samuel Savage died in November, 1837,
in Lauderdale County, Alabama, where he was domiciled; that the
defendant is the executor of his will, and is a citizen of
Alabama.
Finally, the defendant pleads to the jurisdiction of the
court.
On 31 May, 1839, the complainants filed an amended bill.
Page 46 U. S. 247
They admit therein that the domicile of the testator was in
South Carolina.
That his father and mother died before his death.
That Samuel Taylor was his only brother, and Mary Taylor his
only sister.
That she intermarried with William Rainey, and had issue the
three other complainants.
That the testator had no kindred in the United States at the
time of his death.
And that the said Samuel and Mary were at that time his only
heirs at law.
The complainants further state that Samuel Taylor visited South
Carolina in 1815 for the purpose of settling with the executors,
and that he received in February and March, 1816, from Samuel
Savage, the sum of $10,000, as part of the estate, but no interest
was paid, for the reasons assigned by him.
That Savage wrote to Taylor in September, 1817, a letter, which
is exhibited and the substance of which is set forth. Exhibit
I.
That the legatees never received any moneys afterwards.
That Savage never made a final settlement of his accounts.
That after his removal from South Carolina, he received at least
$10,000 of the money of the estate.
That since filing their bill, they have received the testator's
cash book, from which it appears that Savage was indebted, as is
alleged in the original bill, at the time of the testator's
death.
That the executors did not execute any bond for the faithful
execution of their trusts, &c.
The answer of the defendants was filed on 19 September, 1839,
and in almost every particular traverses the allegations of the
amended bill. It need not, therefore, be set forth at length.
These were the issues between the parties.
The district court, after a careful review of all the points in
the cause, decreed that the complainants recover of the defendant
the sum of $5,212.92, to be levied of the goods and chattels, lands
and tenements, of the said Samuel Savage, and that the defendant
pay the costs of the suit.
The above sum of $5,212.92 was made up of the principal sum of
$2,118 received by Savage on 21 July, 1818, from the sale of the
Kentucky lands, and interest on that amount from the said 21 July,
1818, to the commencement of the term of the court when the decree
was rendered, amounting to the sum of $3,094.92.
On the day before the decree was rendered, George M. Savage, the
executor of the last will of Samuel Savage, was removed from his
office of executor by the court in Alabama having jurisdiction to
make the removal, and Vincent M. Benham was appointed the
Page 46 U. S. 248
administrator
de bonis non with the will annexed of the
said Samuel Savage.
The complainants appealed from the decree and executed bond to
prosecute the appeal. They complained that the district court erred
in not decreeing the whole amount claimed by them in their bill and
amended bills. But they ordered execution to issue for the amount
for which the decree was rendered, which was levied on a large
number of slaves which were claimed as belonging to the estate of
Samuel Savage.
An order granting an appeal to the defendant George M. Savage
was also made by the court and bond was ordered to be given within
a stipulated time, but in consequence of the removal of George M.
Savage the order could not be executed, and no bond was executed in
conformity with the order.
Upon a motion made to this Court by Benham, at the January term,
1843, the execution that issued on the decree was held to be a
nullity, and an intimation give that the decree was not rendered
against the proper party in the district court.
On 4 October, 1844, a bill of revivor was filed by the
complainants against Vincent M. Benham, the administrator
de
bonis non of Samuel Savage, and he was brought before the
court by process.
In November following, Benham filed his answer to the bill of
revivor, and a demurrer at the same time.
The causes of the demurrer were:
1. That the bill of revivor did not state the proceedings and
relief prayed by the original bill.
2. That it did not show or allege that the defendant ever had
any assets belonging to the estate of Samuel Savage.
3. That the defendant, as administrator
de bonis non,
with the will annexed, of Samuel Savage, could not be made a party
to the original bill by bill of revivor.
4. That the defendant, as such administrator, was not in privity
with George M. Savage, against whom the decree was rendered, and
for want of that privity a bill of revivor would not lie.
5. That the bill of revivor did not show whether the decree was
rendered before the removal of George M. Savage as executor.
The court overruled the demurrer.
The answer stated that the defendant had no personal knowledge
of the original suit or of the proceedings and decree therein. It
admitted that the removal of George M. Savage from his office of
executor on 28 November, 1842, and that the defendant, on the same
day, within a few hours afterwards, was appointed administrator
de bonis non, with the will annexed, of Samuel Savage, by
the same court. It alleged that at the time the original decree was
rendered against George M. Savage, the defendant Benham was the
administrator
de bonis non.
Page 46 U. S. 249
On 29 November of the same term, the defendant Benham moved the
court to dismiss the suit for want of prosecution, which motion was
overruled.
The district court, notwithstanding the defendant's answer,
ordered that the decree against George M. Savage as executor of
Samuel Savage be revived against said Benham, administrator
de
bonis non, with the will annexed, of Samuel Savage, and the
defendant Benham prayed an appeal.
Upon these cross-appeals the cause came up to this Court.
Page 46 U. S. 260
MR. JUSTICE WOODBURY delivered the opinion of the Court.
The original proceeding in this case was a bill in equity. The
complainants are heirs and devisees of William F. Taylor, being
aliens and resident in Scotland. He was a naturalized citizen of
South Carolina. The respondent was George M. Savage of Alabama,
prosecuted there as executor of Samuel Savage of that state. The
claim set up in the bill was that William F. Taylor, before his
death in A.D., 1811, made a will, devising the residue of his
estate, after the payment of a few legacies, to the complainants,
directing all his property to be first sold and converted into
money, and making the said Samuel Savage one of his executors,
associated with three others. It was further alleged that the
business was divided between them, and each had settled for what he
took in charge, except Savage, who had not accounted fully for the
property received by him in South Carolina, or the proceeds of
certain lands of William F. Taylor in Kentucky sold by Savage, and
that by his negligence large quantities of other lands situated
there had been lost.
The original answer denied that the executors took out letters
testamentary, except in South Carolina, or assumed any trusts as
to
Page 46 U. S. 261
the property of the testator beyond the limits of that state, or
ever proved the will in Kentucky. It also denied that any part of
William F. Taylor's property in South Carolina had not been duly
accounted for. As to lands in Kentucky, it averred that the
testator owned none, and though he set up some title to about 4,400
acres, that it was invalid, and was compromised and released by an
agent of the complainants in A.D., 1836. That as the latter were
aliens, the title in the meantime had escheated to the state; the
executors having, as alleged, only a bare power to sell, and some
of them dying before A.D., 1818, this power could not be exercised
by the others. And though it admitted that Samuel Savage in that
year executed deeds of about one-fourth of the land claimed by the
testator, receiving a small consideration therefor, yet it
contended that no title passed thereby and that no court out of the
State of South Carolina had any jurisdiction over the matter. The
statute of limitations was also pleaded to all the claims.
Some other particulars and some amendments of the answer which
may be found material in the progress of the inquiry will be
noticed as occasion shall require.
A preliminary question has been raised in this Court, in
consequence of what had taken place in the progress of the cause,
which it may be proper to dispose of first. After judgment had been
rendered in the circuit court in favor of the complainants for a
portion of their claims, and before an appeal was taken, George M.
Savage, the executor of Samuel, was removed and Vincent M. Benham
appointed administrator
de bonis non of Samuel Savage,
with the will annexed. The cause was then entered in this Court and
attempted to be proceeded in, but was directed to be remitted to
the circuit court in order first to make Benham a party,
42 U. S. 1 How.
282, and
43 U. S. 2 How.
395. This having been done, the case came here again, and now it is
objected, at the threshold, to any examination of the original
questions in the case, that an administrator
de bonis non
is not liable for assets in the hands of the deceased executor.
See Grant v. Chambers, 4 Mass. 611;
Alsop v.
Marrow, 8 Conn. 584; 1 Serg. & R. 549; 1 Gill & J.
207, and other cases cited.
But if the correctness of these decisions be not doubtful at
law, they may require several exceptions and limitations in equity.
See Blower v. Massetts, 3 Atk. 773; 2 Ves.Sr. 465;
Mitf.Pl. 64, 78; 2 Vern. 237;
Fletcher's Administrator v.
Wise, 7 Dana 347;
42 U. S. 1 How.
284, in this case. And it is clear that under a statute of Alabama,
which must, by the thirty-fourth section of the Judiciary Act,
govern this case, the objection cannot be sustained. This statute
provides that
"Where any suit may have been commenced on behalf of or against
the personal representative or representatives of any testator or
intestate, the same may be prosecuted by or against any person or
persons who
Page 46 U. S. 262
may afterward succeed to the administration or executorship;
such person or persons may at any time be made parties on motion,
and the cause shall proceed in the same manner, and judgment
therein be in all respects as effectual, as if the same were
prosecuted by or against the parties originally named."
Passed September 4, 1821.
See Clay Dig. 227.
The grounds or causes for relief presented in the bill are next
to be examined, and are two. One is the claim on account of an
alleged failure by Samuel Savage to settle, as executor in South
Carolina, for a debt due from himself to William F. Taylor and some
other debts collected there, with proper interest thereon. This is
the first ground on the merits, and it may be better considered
separate from the second one, which is the amount demanded for
alleged neglects and receipts of money by Savage in relation to the
lands situated in Kentucky. The property left by the testator in
South Carolina was held in his own right, and the proceeds of it
was collected by the executor by virtue of his letters
testamentary. The first objection interposed to the claim
respecting that is that in point of fact nothing is shown to have
been due or collected there which the executor did not account for,
and finally settle and pay over the balance, April 22, 1818.
Another is that if anything collected there and then omitted, or
not since paid over, should now be accounted for, it ought to be in
the State of South Carolina, where the letters issued, and not in
Alabama. Or at all events that some action must first be had in
South Carolina, and the account reopened, and the new matters
examined and charged there upon Samuel Savage, one of the original
executors, before he or George M. Savage, his executor, can be
prosecuted elsewhere for the amount. The following cases may be
referred to in support of such a position.
Vaughan v.
Northup, 15 Pet. 1;
39
U. S. 14 Pet. 33; Story Confl. of L. 513;
Aspeden v.
Nixon, 4 How. 467;
Carmichael v. Ray, 1
Rich. 116. While others may be seen against it in 14 Pet. 116;
40 U. S. 15 Pet.
119; 2 Wash.C.C. 338.
But it is to be recollected that the statute of limitations is
pleaded against this no less than the other claim. and hence, if,
on examination, that statute, or the great length of time which has
elapsed since 1818, should be found under all the circumstances of
the case to render a recovery of any part of this claim illegal or
inequitable, a decisive opinion on the other points just mentioned
will become unnecessary.
We therefore proceed to inquire into this first.
The settlement in 1818 seems to have been a final one; the
balance was paid over to an agent of the plaintiff then present,
and the executor, Samuel Savage, soon after left the state, and,
for aught which appears, never returned again. The statute, if
running at all as to the matters in South Carolina, should
therefore, as a
Page 46 U. S. 263
general principle, begin in 1818, and any special excuse for not
suing the executor within six years for anything not then accounted
for, such as coverture, minority, or residence abroad, ought in
equity as well as law to have been set up in the bill originally, 7
Johns.Ch. 74, or by an amendment of it, allowed after the answer,
instead of a special replication, as provided by the 45th rule of
this Court.
See Marstaller v.
M'Clean, 7 Cranch 156, and
Miller
v. McIntyre, 6 Pet. 64.
But notwithstanding this omission, as some doubts exist whether
the statute of limitations can technically apply to a claim
situated like this, we have looked further -- to the circumstances
of laches and long neglect by the complainants, independent of the
statute. And they seem to us to operate in equity very conclusively
against going back of an executor's account, thus formally and
finally settled, after the lapse of twenty years and the death of
the parties concerned.
Gardner v. Wagner, 1 Baldw., 394,
454. It must be a very strong case of fraud, proved in such a
settlement, or of clear accident or mistake, which could ever make
it just, under such circumstances, to reopen and revise it. 9 Leigh
393.
Considering, then, that the agent of the complainants, present
at the final settlement of the account and receiving the balance,
had, for aught which appears, a full opportunity to know all the
circumstances, and make objections if he pleased, and that no fraud
or mistake is shown in the settlement, whatever error in law may
have happened in computing interest, we consider it as a very
proper case for length of time to bring repose. In support of this
may be seen the following cases. 1 Sch. & L. 428; 2
id. 309;
23 U. S. 10 Wheat.
152; 1 Madd.Ch., 99; 2
id. 308;
Miller
v. McIntyre, 6 Pet. 66, 67;
Cholmondely v.
Clinton, 2 Jac. & W., 1;
34
U. S. 9 Pet. 62; 6 John.Ch. 266; 7
id. 90.
The other claim for the money received by Samuel Savage on
account of his conveyance of a portion of the lands situated in
Kentucky and to which William F. Taylor set up an interest rests on
principles entirely different, both as regards the title of Taylor
and the responsibility of Savage. It does not seem to have been
considered fully heretofore that those lands did not belong to
William F. Taylor, like the rest of his property in South Carolina,
absolutely as his own in fee. They came to him by a deed in trust
for others from Mary Forbes, administratrix of William Forbes, who
was uncle of William Forbes Taylor, and a naturalized citizen of
Pennsylvania, dying without issue except a son, Nathaniel, who also
died without issue after William F. Taylor's death in A.D. 1811,
and before September, 1815. The facts in the case do not seem to
fix the time with any great certainty. These lands, amounting to
about 4,400 acres, had been conveyed to William Forbes in fee in
A.D. 1786 by one Daniel Broadhead, and by Forbes to John Philips in
A.D. 1794. They seem to have remained in Philips'
Page 46 U. S. 264
hands till June 3, A.D., 1802, when he conveyed them to the said
Mary, the administratrix of William Forbes, with the following
limitation in the deed,
viz.:
"in trust, nevertheless, to and for the only proper use and
behoof of the right heir or heirs of the above-named William
Forbes, deceased, in such way and manner as such heir or heirs may
order, direct, and appoint."
On 17 September, 1805, she, as before mentioned, conveyed them
to William Forbes Taylor, the nephew of her husband and his only
heir or relative naturalized in this country except the son
Nathaniel, the rest being aliens in Scotland, and the son in such
health as not likely long to survive. The lands were therefore in
danger of escheating to the State of Kentucky, or a part of them at
least, unless so conveyed as to pass an interest to some person
here, which could be held in behalf of those heirs who might reside
abroad so that their shares might not be lost or forfeited. The
limitation in the deed to William F. Taylor from Mary Forbes was
the same in form as that in the conveyance to her, except the
clause creating the trust begins "in witness nevertheless," instead
of "in trust nevertheless." Whether this is an error of the press,
or in copying, or an intended alteration is not stated, but it
seems not to have been contended in argument that any different
meaning was designed to be attached to the expression. After
receiving such a conveyance for such a purpose, it appears that in
1808, William F. Taylor instituted thirty-three suits in ejectment
in the State of Kentucky against settlers on these lands, which
were pending at his death in A.D., 1811. But as the actions were in
the name of nominal lessees, they did not abate by his death, but
continued on the docket till a recovery was had in all of them in
January, 1818.
Prior to this recovery and subsequent to the death of William F.
Taylor in 1811, it does not appear that any of his executors, or
any of the heirs of William Forbes, or any of the devisees of
William F. Taylor, did anything respecting these lands except this.
Samuel Savage, in his administration account rendered in December,
1812, charged for a journey to Kentucky in relation to them. And on
14 September, 1815, Mary Taylor and her husband gave a power of
attorney to Patrick McDowell and Samuel Taylor to collect her share
not only in the estate of William F. Taylor, but in the lands in
Kentucky of which she claimed to be one of the heirs, in
conjunction with Samuel Taylor, from Nathaniel, the son of William
Forbes, and their mother Elizabeth. Samuel Taylor soon after, in
1816, visited this country, and on 2 April in that year appointed
Adam Hutchinson and Peter Bennock attorneys for himself and sister,
not only to collect and receive what was due to them from the
estate of William F. Taylor, but to prosecute all actions necessary
to recover the real estate in Kentucky belonging to him and his
sister. But notwithstanding this, and not
Page 46 U. S. 265
exactly in keeping with it, on 26 September, 1817, Samuel
Savage, rather than these attorneys, writes a letter to Samuel
Taylor about the Kentucky lands, as well as the estate of William
F. Taylor in South Carolina, then unsettled. And to show the
further progress as to these lands after the recoveries in 1818, it
does not appear that any of the heirs or their agents took
possession of them under the judgments or did anything in respect
to them till 1837. But on the contrary, Samuel Savage visited
Kentucky in July, 1818, having removed from South Carolina to
Tennessee in May previous, and sold about one-fourth of the lands
to the occupants for $2,118, calling himself, in the deeds,
"surviving executor of the last will and testament of William
Taylor," and "authorized" to sell by the will. The other occupants,
who did not buy of him, took out soon afterwards injunctions
against the judgments recovered, and continued to possess the lands
peaceably till William Primrose, an attorney of the complainants,
visited Kentucky in 1837 to look after their interests.
The previous special attorneys had not interfered, as
Hutchinson, one of them, soon died, and Bennock, the other,
declined to act. And Samuel Taylor, in letters to him in 1824 and
1825, inquiring, among other things, if Savage had returned to
South Carolina and exhibited any further account of his doings in
the ordinary's court, makes no mention of the Kentucky lands.
Primrose, soon ascertaining that in 1818 Savage had sold about
eleven hundred acres of them, and the rest had been suffered to
remain in the possession of the former occupants, persuaded the
latter to give him something more for a release or quitclaim, but a
sum, including what had been paid to Savage, not at all equal to
their full value.
It is a very important fact in connection with this arrangement
that Primrose, though at first denying the validity of Savage's
doings, was compelled, in order to effect a compromise with the
occupants and obtain something more on a settlement, finally to
agree, under his hand and seal, in behalf of the plaintiffs, "as
far as it is in their power to do so, to ratify and confirm the
deed made as aforesaid by the said Savage," but
"reserve to themselves the benefit of all claims they may have
against the said Savage or his representatives for the
consideration which the said Savage received for the sale of the
land aforesaid."
After executing the releases, he visited Samuel Savage in
Alabama and demanded of him the money he had received in behalf of
the heirs, and indemnity for injuries they had sustained by his
alleged neglect in respect to all the lands.
Another material circumstance is very imperfectly stated in the
record, but it is probably thus. When William F. Taylor died in
1811, both Nathaniel, the son of William Forbes, and Elizabeth,
Page 46 U. S. 266
the sister of William Forbes, being the mother of Taylor, were
aliens.
On these facts, it is next to be decided whether the interests
of the complainants were such in the lands in Kentucky, when Samuel
Savage sold a part of them in 1818, as to make him liable to the
complainant for his conduct, wherever he might reside, and, if so,
to what extent. It is first manifest from a part of the statement
that the interest of William F. Taylor at the time of his death was
only that of a trustee in these lands, and not as the owner of any
portion of them in his own right. But still, in that capacity, he
had power by his will to direct the sale of them by his executors,
and into whose hands the proceeds should afterwards be placed, to
be held, of course, for the benefit of the true
cestui que
trusts.
The clause in his will, bearing on the sale, is
"I do hereby order, will, and direct, that on the first day of
January next after my decease, or as near that day as can
conveniently be, that the whole of the property that I may die
seized and possessed of, or
may be any wise belonging to
me, be sold."
This undoubtedly meant to empower the executors to sell the land
he held in trust, as well as that in fee, by including any property
that may be "any wise belonging to me." But what interest was thus
vested in the executors concerning it? A mere naked power to sell?
or a power coupled with a trust? or merely a power coupled with an
interest? These are necessary inquiries as to the question made in
the case, that these lands have escheated to the State of Kentucky,
and also are useful, if not necessary, towards settling the
validity of the sale by Savage, and the place where, if liable at
all, he can be made to account for the proceeds. To determine these
inquiries, it will be necessary to look further into the will.
In that, after directing the payment of a few small legacies out
of the proceeds of his property, he proceeds --
"I do hereby order, give, grant, and devise all the remainder or
residue of my estate which shall remain after paying the
before-mentioned legacies to my dearly beloved brother, Samuel
Taylor, . . . and to my beloved sister, of the same place, share
and share alike, provided they shall be both alive at the time of
my decease and have issue, which issue, after their respective
deaths, shall share the same equally,"
&c. On this and the previous provision in the will, coupled
with the facts which have been mentioned, we consider the law to be
that William F. Taylor, taking this property by a deed which made
it an express trust in his hands for the heirs of William Forbes,
held it as trustee for them till his death. He then virtually
devised the trust and the lands to the complainants by directing
that the lands be sold and, after discharging some special
legacies, the proceeds be paid over to the complainants, as his
residuary legatees.
Page 46 U. S. 267
The executors were thus invested with a power to sell, coupled
with a trust, and the residuary legatees thus became trustees to
the heirs of William Forbes. To identify those heirs is somewhat
difficult, but is very important to a true construction of the
will. Probably, in 1810, they were his son Nathaniel, who, dying
between that period and 1815 without issue, his grandmother,
Elizabeth Forbes, succeeded to him; and, on her death about that
time, the complainants, her only surviving children, succeeded to
her. As all these, except Nathaniel, were aliens, and he was in
feeble health in 1811, the paramount intention of the testator
doubtless was to prevent an escheat of this and his own property.
From consideration of affection, as well as duty, he must have
desired to secure both that and his own estate free from escheat in
the hands of those near relatives likely soon to be the heirs both
of William Forbes and himself.
Either of two constructions of his will would accomplish this
object. The one we have just adopted, considering him as devising
the proceeds of the lands, and hence their title, to his brother
and sister, subject to a power in the executors, coupled with a
trust, to sell them and pay certain legacies, or another which
would consider the power of the executors as one coupled with an
interest, and vest the title at once in them for the purpose of
selling the lands and discharging the small legacies and debts, if
any, but holding the proceeds in trust to be paid over to his
brother and sister for the benefit of the heirs of William Forbes,
whosoever they might then happen to be.
See 2 P.Wms. 198;
8 Ves. 437; Lew. Trusts, 234;
Peter v.
Beverly, 10 Pet. 533. One of these seems also to
have been the construction put on the will by Samuel Savage
himself, as he proceeded to visit Kentucky twice to discharge his
trust in relation to these lands, and finally sold about a fourth
of them as surviving executor, which he could not have done
honestly unless deeming himself possessed of more than the naked
power which his executor in his answer now sets up. In order to
survive to him, it must have been a power coupled either with a
trust or an interest.
See cases
post. To show
that the executors, by such a devise, became possessed of a power
coupled with a trust at least, reference may be had to the
following cases besides those already cited. 1 Atk. 420, 469; 2
Johns.Ch. 254;
Clay v. Hart, 7 Dana 1; Sugd. Powers 95,
167; 3 Co.Litt., 113, note, 146, 181
a; 2 Story Eq.Jur.
§ 790; 5 Paige 318;
Zebach v. Smith, 3 Binn. 69. One
of the tests on this subject is that a naked power to sell may be
exercised or not by the executors, and is discretionary, while an
imperative direction to sell and dispose of the proceeds in a
certain way, as in this case, is a power coupled with a trust. 7
Dana 1;
35 U. S. 10
Pet. 533; 12 Wend. 554; 2 Story Eq.Jur. § 1070; 10 Ves.
536.
Page 46 U. S. 268
There are some conflicting cases on this subject, but it is not
necessary to review them again, it having been so ably performed by
Thompson, J., for this Court in
Peter
v. Beverly, 10 Pet. 565. There as here, the
executors were not expressly named as the persons who were to sell
the land, yet, said the Court, "it is a power vested in them by
necessary implication."
See also 2 Sim. & S. 238; 2
Story Eq.Jur. § 1060; 1 Atk. 420; 15 Johns. 346; 4 Kent Com.
326; 2 Johns.Ch. 254; 4 Hill 492. There as here, it was also
contended that if they had the power to sell it was a naked one,
and could not survive, but the Court said if they had another duty
to perform under the will, with the proceeds, it was a power
coupled with a trust or an interest, and survived.
35 U. S. 10
Pet. 567; 15 Johns. 349. And the only difference is that the
subsequent duty to be performed there was the payment of debts, and
here it was to pay over the money as legacies, and of course after
the payment of any existing debts out of it.
If William F. Taylor, when making his will, supposed that he, as
trustee of this land, could direct the proceeds to be paid over to
others than the heirs of William or Nathaniel F., the devise would
nonetheless show his intent to pass to the executors a power to
sell coupled with a trust, and they would nonetheless take it
coupled with a trust. Indeed, if it was necessary in a case like
this to carry into effect the leading object of the testator in the
will, to consider him as granting to the executors a power coupled
with an interest rather than one coupled with a trust, it would not
be difficult to sustain such a construction in a court of equity,
as we have before intimated. Courts, in carrying out the wishes of
testators, the pole star in wills, are much inclined, especially in
equity, to vest all the power or interest in executors which are
necessary to effectuate those wishes, if the language can fairly
admit it. 4 Kent Com. 304, 319;
35 U. S. 10
Pet. 535;
Schauber v. Jackson, 2 Wend. 34;
Bradstreet
v. Clarke, 12
id. 663;
Bloomer v. Waldron, 3
Hill 365;
Oates v. Cooke, 3 Burr. 1684;
Jackson v.
Martin, 18 Johns. 31; 1 Ves.Sr. 485;
Coster v.
Lorillard, 14 Wend. 299. They are inclined also, when
considering it a trust or a power coupled with an interest, to have
its duration and quantity commensurate with the object to be
accomplished.
Shelly v. Edlin, 4 Ad. & E. 585;
White v. Simpson, 5 East 164; 1 Barn. & C. 342; 5
Taunt. 385. Though the distinctions between these different powers
are not always well preserved, no doubt exists that a power coupled
with an interest may be inferred by obvious implication from the
whole will, as the fee not being at once vested elsewhere, and it
being necessary to have it in the executors to effect the general
design,
Jackson v. Schauber, 2 Wend. 1, 54, 55,
overruling s.c. 7 Cow. 193, as well as from the usual
course, which is by an express devise to the executors.
Bradstreet v. Clarke, 12 Wend.
Page 46 U. S. 269
665, 667. Nor is it of any consequence how small the interest
be.
Osgood v. Franklin, 2 Johns.Ch. 20;
Bergen v.
Bennett, 1 Caines 16; 2 P.Wms. 102. It is enough if only to
distribute the proceeds as here, or to take the rents or use for
the benefit of others. Same cases and 14 Johns. 555;
Zebach v.
Smith, 3 Binn. 69. The interest, too, may be equitable or
legal.
Hearle v. Greenbank, 3 Atk. 714; 2 Johns.Ch. 20.
And it is an interest not required to yield a profit or gain, but
any title in the estate itself, the thing to be sold.
Hunt v.
Rousmanier, 8 Wheat. 174,
21 U. S. 206.
Being given by the will, when it is a power coupled with an
interest, and the conveyance under it being by and through the
will, it is of course for the use of the person designated in the
will, as if it was a devise over to him. And if the whole scope and
design of the will could not otherwise be accomplished, it might
not therefore be unjustifiable in a court of equity, in a case like
this, to let the title vest in the executors first, for the purpose
of being sold and turned into personal estate, for the alien
legatees, in order to avoid the very escheat now set up by the
respondent.
Craig v.
Leslie, 3 Wheat. 576,
16 U. S. 577; 1
Ves.Sr. 144, 485; 4 Kent Com. 304, 310, note; 14 Wend. 268. Indeed,
a court of equity, if it should appear necessary in order to avoid
an escheat and to enforce any apparent devise of the testator when
trustee directing land to be turned into money and to go to certain
legatees or
cestui que trusts, will look to substance,
rather than form, will consider the act as done at once which is
directed to be done, and the land as money, and thus to be passed
to those entitled to it.
Peter v.
Beverly, 10 Pet. 532,
35 U. S. 563;
16 U. S. 3 Wheat.
563; 5 Paige 318;
Bogert v. Hertell, 4 Hill 495; 2 Story
Eq.Jur. § 790; Newl. Contr. 48 to 64, and authorities
cited.
But as the title here can be considered as passing to the
complainants at once, leaving only a power coupled with a trust in
the executors, and still accomplish the object of the testator in
preventing an escheat, we are inclined to adopt that construction
of the will as the safer one, amidst several conflicting
authorities and opinions in relation to this question.
See
some of them in 4 Kent Com. 321, note, 5th ed. In such cases, till
the sale is made, the title usually vests in the heirs, if no other
intent is manifest.
Jackson v. Burr, 9 Johns. 105, 106;
Denn v. Gaskin, Cowp. 661. But where it is given by
devise, as here, and the devisees were not the
cestui que
trusts and heirs as to those lands when he died, it is proper
that the title should be considered as passing by devise, and as
being in the complainants by devise, rather than descent.
Jackson v. Schauber, 7 Cow. 197; Cowp. 661;
21 U. S. 8
Wheat. 206,
21 U. S. 207; 2
Wend. 34;
Coster v. Lorillard, 14 Wend. 326. And the more
especially is it so when, if the heirs took it as heirs, it might
escheat.
The case of
Jackson v. De Lancy, 13 Johns. 555, reviews
most of the cases connected with this question, and comes to the
conclusion
Page 46 U. S. 270
substantially that the title to the trust estate would pass in a
case like this to the residuary legatees, and be held by them for
the
cestui que trusts. See the cases there cited,
and among them
Braybroke v. Inskip, 8 Ves. 417; 2 P.Wms.
198;
Ex Parte Sergison, 4 Ves. 147; 1 Meriv. 450; 5 Pick.
112.
See also Dexter v. Stewart, 7 Johns.Ch. 55. The
better opinion is that a trust estate always passes in a general
devise like this to the residuary legatees if no circumstances
appear to indicate a contrary intent.
Braybroke v. Inskip,
8 Ves. 417, 436; 3
id. 348; 4
id. 147; 13 Johns.
537;
Ballard v. Carter, 5 Pick. 115;
Marlow v.
Smith, 2 P.Wms. 198, 201. Here the circumstances fortify the
idea, rather than impair it, that the trust estate was intended, in
the end, to pass to the residuary legatees, as they were then
probably supposed to be the
cestui que trusts, and in fact
became so before the devise took effect.
Another reason is that the devisees would, if not
cestui que
trusts, hold the estate for them and be bound to account for
it to them, so as to make it safe.
Marlow v. Smith, 2
P.Wms. 201.
This view of the case disposes first of the point made -- that
these lands had, before the sale by Savage, escheated to the State
of Kentucky. It was hence argued that they could not be sold by
him, though no office had been found, the respondent considering an
escheat good without any office found.
Montgomery v.
Dorion, 7 N.H. 480; 6 Johns.Ch. 365. But that is correct only
as to land cast by descent on an alien.
11 U. S. 7
Cranch 629. For as to land taken by devise or purchase, an alien
can always hold it till office found.
Knight v. Duplessis,
2 Ves.Sr. 360; Co.Litt. 2, 6; Powell Dev. 316;
Hubbard v.
Goodwin, 3 Leigh 512;
16 U. S. 3 Wheat. 589;
Governeur's Heirs v.
Robertson, 11 Wheat. 332,
24 U. S. 355;
Fairfax v. Hunter's
Lessee, 7 Cranch 618.
It will be seen on a very brief examination that the idea of a
descent cast upon aliens of these lands on the death of William F.
Taylor or Nathaniel Forbes cannot be sustained under the opinions
we have just expressed. The aliens took them by devise, and not by
descent, in either of the two constructions of the will which can
be at all vindicated. As a general principle, too, in all cases a
court of chancery will not raise a use "by implication" in an
alien, so as to endanger the estate, but will rather pass a title
to the executors in trust. 2 Wash.C.C. 447. So it has been held
that if it can be avoided, a court will not vest the estate in an
alien by construction in order to have it escheat when otherwise it
would not. 3 Leigh 513, and cases cited.
We are prepared next to see whether Samuel Savage or his
representatives are liable to account for this property in Alabama,
provided he is chargeable anywhere. Because if not so liable in
Alabama, this part of the case must fail for want of jurisdiction
in the state in which the proceedings were instituted, and the
further questions as to his liability need not be examined.
Page 46 U. S. 271
First, then, it happens that though the heirs of Nathaniel
Forbes and Elizabeth are the same persons here as the residuary
legatees of William F. Taylor, yet they take an interest in the
Kentucky lands and their proceeds in a different right and for a
different purpose from what they do in the property of William F.
Taylor held in his own right. It happens too that the interest they
thus take is derived from the deed by Mary Forbes to William F.
Taylor, and not through the will of the latter, except as directing
the trust property to be sold by his executors and paid over to
them. It is important to observe also in this connection that their
taking of this property and the sale of it are neither of them by
virtue of any letters testamentary issued in South Carolina; that
the property is not assets of William F. Taylor collected or to be
accounted for there; and as the sale made by Samuel Savage of a
part of these lands was made in a different state, and of property
situated in a different state, and the proceeds of it never carried
into South Carolina, and the sale made after he had removed
therefrom and closed up his administration there, no reason exists
for making him account in that state for the sale.
See 1
Rich. 116; 2 Wend. 471; 6 Pick. 481; 3 Mon. 514; Story Confl. of L.
§ 523. So, not having taken out letters testamentary in
Kentucky or even proved the will there, and residing elsewhere, he
could not be sued in that state.
Fletcher's Administrator v.
Wier, 7 Dana 348. It follows, then, that if liable at all for
the proceeds of the sale of this trust property, being not that
owned by the testator in his own right, and the sale made by virtue
of a power in the will, and not of letters testamentary, he was
liable in Alabama, the state where he had his domicile, the state
whither he carried the proceeds -- where the demand was made on him
by the complainants, where George M. Savage, his executor, took out
letters on his estate, and where alone George M. Savage could be
proceeded against for any claim against his testator.
Bryan v.
McGee, 2 Wash.C.C. 338;
Trecothick v. Austin, 4 Mason
29.
Being liable, then, in Alabama, if at all, for the acts done in
respect to these lands, it is next to be considered whether Samuel
Savage or his representatives are responsible for them to the
complainants at all, and if so to what extent. When applied to in
1838, by Primrose, the attorney of the complainants, to pay over
the proceeds of his sale, Savage admitted that in 1818 he executed
releases of about one-fourth of these lands, in which he
acknowledged a consideration received by him of more than two
thousand dollars; that he professed to make the sale and receive
the consideration as surviving executor of William F. Taylor and by
virtue of a power in his will, and that he never had accounted for
the proceeds since, but contended that the sum actually realized by
him was much smaller than that named in the deeds, and objected to
pay over anything,
Page 46 U. S. 272
though not assigning particularly his reasons for the refusal.
But the counsel for the respondent now interpose various specific
reasons against accounting for those proceeds beside that already
disposed of, which questioned the jurisdiction over the matter in
Alabama. One of their objections is the want of interest in the
complainants as legatees or
cestui que trusts to recover.
Another is the irregularity, and indeed illegality, of his sale.
Another is the small amount received, not exceeding his expenses.
And another still is the statute of limitations.
But we have already shown that the complainants, as residuary
legatees, were entitled to the trust estate under the devise
immediately, and, in any permissible view, as soon as it was
converted into money, and would be bound to manage and account for
it to the true
cestui que trusts, if they were not so
themselves.
See before, 13 Johns. 555, and 8 Ves. 417,
436, and other cases. Being now, however,
cestui que
trusts themselves, as well as devisees, their interest in the
proceeds of the sale is beyond controversy, there having been, as
already shown, no previous escheat of the lands.
In respect to the informality and illegality of the sale, they
are insisted on from its not appearing that all the executors
except Savage were then dead, from his not recording the will in
Kentucky, and from the verbal denial at first of the validity of
his sale by Primrose. But it is to be remembered that this is a
bill in equity, that the executors had a power under the will to
sell this property, which was a power coupled with a trust. That is
not a title to be made out at law under a special statute, where
much strictness is required. 6 Mass. 40; 14
id. 286.
Nor is it only a naked power, not coupled with any trust or
interest, where much strictness is also requisite.
Williams
v. Peyton's Lessee, 4 Wheat. 79;
35 U. S. 10 Pet.
161, and other cases cited. But it is merely a case to show such a
sale as may make, in a court of equity, an agent or trustee liable
to those for whom he acts.
Minuse v. Cox, 5 Johns.Ch. 441,
and
Rodriguez v. Hefferman, id., 429.
Now it appears that Savage, in his deeds of this land, averred
himself to be surviving executor of Taylor's will. And the case
discloses the death of two of them, but says nothing of the other
except, in 1824 and 1825, he is referred to as dead "some time
ago." Considering him also as then dead, which is the probable
inference from these facts, the right of Savage alone to sell under
the will would be good. A power to sell, not merely a naked one,
but coupled either with an interest or a trust, survives to the
surviving executor.
Peter v.
Beverly, 10 Pet. 533; Co.Litt. 113
a,
181
b; Lew. Trusts 266; Sugd. Powers 165, 166; 2 Johns.Ch.
1; 7 Dana 1; 5 Paige 46; 2 Story Eq.Jur. § 1062; 10 Johns.
562;
21 U. S. 8
Wheat. 203;
Jackson v. Ferris, 15 Johns. 346. Several of
the states have positive statutes regulating this matter, and
usually in this way.
Page 46 U. S. 273
Again, if all of several trustees decline the trust except one,
the estate vests in him, and he is authorized to sell alone. 3
Paige 420; 4 Kent Com. 326, n.;
King v. Donelly, 5 Paige
46;
In re Van Schoonhoven, 560; Cro.Eliz. 80; 7 Dana 1;
Zebach v. Smith, 3 Binn. 69.10
All the executors in this case, except Savage, declined to have
any concern with these lands, and do not appear ever to have done
anything concerning them. It is obvious likewise, on principle,
that where a sale is made under a will, which is merely the
evidence of authority or power to do it, the omission to record it
will not vitiate the sale, unless recording is in such case
required by a local statute. If so required, the statute must of
course govern.
22 U. S. 9 Wheat.
565;
23 U. S. 10
Wheat. 202. Probably the necessity for this must depend entirely on
the local laws applicable to the transaction -- the
lex rei
sitae, 2 Hamm. 124;
Kerr v.
Moon, 9 Wheat. 570;
11 U. S. 7 Cranch
115 -- and not on any general principles of international law
applicable to immovable property. If not necessary by those laws,
the omission to do it would not be taken advantage of by anyone in
any case, and if necessary it would not seem very equitable to let
the executor take advantage of it who himself had been guilty of
the omission.
But however this should be decided, looking to the laws of
Kentucky, and how far it may be cured by the subsequent proof and
recording of the will by Primrose for the complainants,
36 U. S. 11
Pet. 211, and whether it is necessary to take out letters
testamentary in Kentucky to make such a sale,
Lewis v.
McFarland, 9 Cranch 151, we need not give any
decisive opinion, since this branch of the inquiry, as to the
liability of Savage, can be disposed of under a different aspect of
the case.
If the land was sold informally by Savage, still it was sold in
fact; it was conveyed in the character of surviving executor; the
authority for doing it was claimed under the will; the money for it
was received in this way; the lands were occupied quietly under his
deed for near twenty years; the consideration was never paid back
to the grantees, nor by law liable to be, as his deed was without
warranty except against those claiming under W. F. Taylor, and, as
regards them, was in the end expressly confirmed by his heirs and
devisees under the compromise before detailed. It is true that
their agent at first denied the legality of the sale by Savage, but
from its having actually taken place, money been received under it,
and the lands occupied in conformity to it so long, he was in the
end obliged to compromise and confirm it for much less than the
real value of the lands, and expressly reserved the right to resort
to Savage for the amount he had received.
On a consideration of these facts, can there be a doubt that it
is equitable to make Samuel Savage and his representatives pay over
to the
cestui que trusts the money he thus received on
their account?
Page 46 U. S. 274
Can they be allowed to set up his own imperfect doings or
neglect as a justification for not paying over what he actually
received for them, and still holds? Is he not estopped in equity to
deny his liability to the complainants? Have they not suffered in
their interests to this extent by his conduct? Have not he and his
estate profited to this extent by his sale of their property? These
questions can be answered only in one way, and the replies must
give a stamp and character to the whole transaction in a court of
conscience unfavorable to Savage. Consequently, in this bill in
equity between the parties as to a trust, we think it manifestly
just that the complainants, as against Savage's estate, are
entitled to this money -- at least, to the amount adjudged in the
court below. 1 Johns.Ch. 620; 1 Paige 147, 151; 6
id. 355;
2 Johns.Ch. 1; 7
id. 122. Simple interest in such cases
seems proper, and was allowed. 4 Ves. 101; 5
id. 794; 16
id. 410. As an analogy for estopping Savage to deny what
he has said in his own deed,
See Speake v. United
States, 9 Cranch 28, and cases in Com.Dig.
Estoppel,
a, 2. So
"it is a settled principle of equity that when a person
undertakes to act as an agent for another, he cannot be permitted
to deal in the matter of that agency upon his own account and for
his own benefit."
Sweet v. Jacocks, 6 Paige 365.
So
"every person who receives money to be paid to another, or to be
applied to a particular purpose, to which he does not apply it, is
a trustee, and may be sued either at law, for money had and
received, or in equity, as a trustee, for a breach of trust."
Kane v. Bloodgood, 7 Johns.Ch. 110;
Scott v.
Surman, Willes 404;
Shakeshaft's Case, 3 Bro.Ch.
198.
He is liable, then, first, on the ground that the
cestui que
trusts might confirm the sale and resort to the proceeds, as
they finally did in this case. Story Eq.Jur. § 1262; 2
Johns.Ch. 442; 1
id. 581. It is true that such a
confirmation must be full and distinct, whereas here a disavowal of
it was at first made by their agent, and when it was in the end
agreed to be ratified, the act was done on the receipt of
additional money.
This, however, would not seem to vitiate it under the
reservation made of a right to proceed against Savage for what he
had received. The complainants, then, fully confirmed Savage's acts
as a sale, just as much as if no further money had been paid.
Though they asked for this additional sum, this was no injury to
Savage, and should constitute no objection to his paying over to
them what his vendees agreed he should, and what he virtually
promised to do, when taking the money for their property.
But if this view of the matter was at all doubtful, another
ground exists on which he might be made liable to a like extent,
and on which the complainants seek to charge him for a much larger
amount. The sale by Savage, if not valid and not confirmed, was
Page 46 U. S. 275
still injurious to the complainants. It gave such a color of
title to the tenants as to prevent the complainants from obtaining
anything more for their lands but by way of compromise, and then a
price in all, including what was paid to Savage, far less than
their true value.
A trustee is liable for misconduct or breach of trust or
negligence, as well as for money actually received. Jac. 120. And
if in these ways he injures the
cestui que trust, he is
liable whether he himself gains by his misbehavior or not. Lew.
Trusts 634; 3 Bro.Ch. 198. But when we come to inquire, as the
complainants insist, whether Savage was not liable for a much
larger sum on this ground than what was allowed in the court below,
we are met by several difficulties. The amount, beyond the money
received and interest thereon, rests on estimates somewhat
conjectural after so long a lapse of time, and the neglect itself
is not so easily fixed with much certainty, from a like cause, and
the death of parties preventing explanations, and an extraordinary
omission for almost a whole generation by the complainants
themselves to bring this business to a close. Savage also may have
proceeded no further in subsequent years to sell the rest of the
lands and take charge of the judgments which had been recovered,
because discovering that Samuel and Mary Taylor, the heirs, had
appointed Hutchinson and Bennock special agents instead of himself
to manage the Kentucky property. The degree of neglect to be made
out for any sum beyond that actually received is also different and
greater. When the trustee is made liable for more, it must be, in
the language of the books, "in cases of very supine negligence or
willful default." 14 Johns. 527;
id. 634;
Pybus v.
Smith, 1 Ves. 193;
Palmer v. Jones, 1 Vern. 144;
Osgood v. Franklin, 2 Johns.Ch. 27; 3 Bro.Ch. 340; 1 Madd.
290;
Caffrey v. Darby, 6 Ves. 497. It would hardly be
justifiable to find the existence of either of those after such a
length of time, obscuring so much by its mists and obliterating so
much by death.
Damages, likewise, for mere neglect would stand in a different
attitude as to the statute of limitations from what we shall soon
see it does as to money held in trust, and if the claim was on
account of a breach of trust committed and perfected when the
neglect first occurred, it would be difficult to overcome the bar
occasioned by nineteen or twenty years since.
As to the remaining objection under this head that the sum
received did not exceed Savage's expenses, this is not in the first
answer, and comes from an executor who could not possess full means
of knowing the facts and is not entitled to so much weight as if it
had been put in and sworn to by Samuel Savage himself.
Carpenter v. Providence Ins.
Co., 4 How. 185, and cases cited there.
Besides this, there is no evidence to support the denial. It
is
Page 46 U. S. 276
not accompanied with any exhibit of expenses, and no account for
them seems to have been offered in evidence in the court below. To
overcome this denial stands the admission in the first answer of
receipts, to the extent of three or four hundred dollars, and no
setoff claimed; next, the acknowledgment to Primrose of something
received; next, the recorded confession in the deed that $2,118 was
paid to him; and, finally, the testimony of several witnesses to
actual payments, and the solvency of all the purchasers. But if any
doubt existed as to this amount's being the proper one, with
interest, it would be removed by the proceedings in the district
court, where the account was stated in this manner after an
examination by agreement before the judge, and with liberty to
except to the account, and no exception taken.
The last objection to the recovery of the amount actually
received, with interest thereon, is the statute of limitations. As
before intimated, this statute, in respect to money taken in
express trust, rests on principles very different from what it
might as to damages claimed for a mere neglect of duty, which
happened, if at all, near twenty years before any demand or suit.
Let it be remembered that though this money was received by Savage,
as trustee of the plaintiffs, in 1818, yet he never was requested
to pay it over till 1837, and that then he first became in default
for not accounting for it. Till then, he lived remote from the
complaints, they being residents in a foreign country, and was not
obliged to settle for their money in South Carolina as assets
belonging to William F. Taylor, in his own right, as has before
been shown.
Retaining it, under all the circumstances, till called on by the
complainants or their agent is therefore by no means decisive
evidence of any neglect or intention not to account for it till the
demand made by Primrose, in A.D., 1837. Consequently, the statute
in relation to this would not begin to run till then, and hence
could have created no bar in September, 1838, when this bill in
equity was filed. 1 Jac. & W. 87;
Attorney General v. Mayor
of Exeter, Jac. 448;
35 U. S. 10 Pet.
177;
Michoud v.
Girod, 4 How. 503;
Zeller's
Lessee v. Eckert, 4 How. 289; 3 Johns.Ch. 190, 216;
Kane v. Bloodgood, 7 Johns.Ch. 90;
Gist v.
Cattell, 2 Desau. 55. The case of
Trecothick v.
Austin, 4 Mason 29, was in this and some other respects such
as to involve and settle principles similar to what have been laid
down in this opinion.
The question of fraud and concealment has also been raised at
the bar, not only to aid in charging the respondent, but in
obviating the operation of the statute of limitations, as it would
if existing. 3 Atk. 130; Hardw. 184; 7 Johns.Ch. 122; 20 Johns.
576;
19 U. S. 6
Wheat. 181. But as it is not necessary to decide on these, we waive
an opinion as to imputations, so difficult to settle correctly
after the death of most of the parties and the lapse of a quarter
of a century.
There are some exceptions as to the form of the claim and of the
bill that deserve a moment's notice before closing.
Page 46 U. S. 277
Though the plaintiffs make their claim in both cases against
Savage, and would be entitled in the end, in one as legatees, if at
all, and in the other as
cestui que trusts rather than
legatees, yet the views already expressed would allow them to
recover in both cases as residuary legatees, because the trust
passes properly to them under the devise, though accompanied by an
obligation to account for the property to the
cestui que
trusts, if they should happen to be persons other than
themselves.
The description of the complainants, and of their rights, then,
in the bill, is not exceptionable, but the description of the
liability of Samuel Savage, which is also objected to, is not so
free from imperfection. He acted under William F. Taylor's will in
a fiduciary capacity in two respects not exactly the same, but not
discriminated from each other in the bill. One was to sell the
lands his testator held in Kentucky in trust, and the other to sell
the lands and the other property, held in his own right, in South
Carolina. Notwithstanding this, the variance does not seem to us to
be such as, in this stage of the cause and in a court of equity,
imperatively to require an amendment.
The claim in both respects is for the acts of Samuel Savage
alone, and is to be recovered from his executor alone, and belongs
to the complainants alone. The material facts are alleged, upon
which it rests in both respects; and hence, as no objection was
taken to this in the answer or other pleadings, it may be regarded
as cured now, and more especially in a proceeding in chancery, and
where there is enough alleged to indicate with distinctness the
subject matter in dispute between the parties.
See 32d
section of Act of Sept. 24, 1789, 1 Stat. 91;
Garland v.
Davis, 4 How. 131.
It will be seen that by the course of reasoning we have adopted,
and by the points on which our opinions have been formed, it has
become unnecessary to decide some other questions presented in this
cause in the able arguments of the counsel on both sides. But
having decided enough to dispose of the case, and being satisfied
that the judgment of the court below was right, however we differ
as to some of the reasons assigned in its support, we do not
propose to go further into the questions raised, and direct that in
this case the judgment below be
Affirmed. The other appeal, relating to this matter and
argued with it, must consequently be dismissed.
Order
Vincent M. Benham, administrator
de bonis non, with the
will annexed, of Samuel Savage, deceased, Appellant, v. William
Taylor, George Taylor, William Primrose, and Eliza, his wife,
George Porter and Elspet, his wife, William Rainey, Alexander
Rainey, and Elizabeth Rainey.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the
record
Page 46 U. S. 278
from the District Court of the United States for the Northern
District of Alabama and was argued by counsel. On consideration
whereof it is now here ordered and decreed by this Court that the
decree of the said district court in this cause be and the same is
hereby affirmed with costs and damages at the rate of six percentum
per annum.
William Taylor, George Taylor, William Primrose, and Eliza, his
wife, George Porter and Elspet, his wife, William Rainey, Alexander
Rainey, and Elizabeth Rainey, appellants v. Vincent M. Benham,
administrator
de bonis non, with the will annexed, of
Samuel Savage, deceased.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record
from the District Court of the United States for the Northern
District of Alabama and was argued by counsel. On consideration
whereof, this Court having affirmed the decree of the said district
court in this cause on the appeal of the respondents at the present
term, it is now here ordered and decreed by this Court that this
appeal of the complainants be and the same is hereby dismissed with
costs.
