Aberdeen & Rockfish R. Co. v. SCRAP, 422 U.S. 289 (1975)

U.S. Supreme Court

Aberdeen & Rockfish R. Co. v. SCRAP, 422 U.S. 289 (1975) Aberdeen & Rockfish Railroad Co. v. Students Challenging

Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP)

No. 73-1966

Argued March 26, 1975

Decided June 24, 1975422 U.S. 289ast|>*

422 U.S. 289

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Syllabus

In December, 1971, the Nation's railroads, citing sharply increasing costs and decreasing or negative profits, collectively proposed to file tariffs increasing their freight rates by a temporary surcharge across the board. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), in the ensuing general revenue proceeding, finding that the railroads had a critical and immediate need for revenue, declined to exercise its power to suspend proposed rate increases, and the surcharge became effective in February, 1972. The railroads shortly filed for larger, selective rate increases, but, in April, 1972, the ICC suspended the effectiveness of these increases pending its investigation of their lawfulness, the ICC the previous month having served a brief draft environmental impact statement on all parties to the investigation, discussing the environmental consequences of rate increases with respect to recyclables in general terms and concluding that there was no basis yet to believe that the environment would be substantially affected thereby. Thereafter, appellee SCRAP and other environmental groups filed suit alleging that the ICC had decided not to suspend the surcharge pending its investigation -- which decision would have a substantial effect on the environment -- without preparing an environmental impact statement or considering environmental issues as required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA); that the preexisting rate structure discriminated against recyclables and in favor of virgin materials; and that the surcharge exacerbated this situation with the unfortunate consequence to the environment that use of recyclable materials would be inhibited and use of virgin materials encouraged. A three-judge District Court was convened under 28 U.S.C. § 2325 (now repealed), which required that an injunction restraining the enforcement operation, or

Page 422 U. S. 290

execution of an ICC order would not be granted unless the application therefor was heard and determined by a three-judge court, and relief was granted. On direct appeal, this Court reversed in United States v. SCRAP, 412 U. S. 669, (SCRAP I), holding that § 15(7) of the Interstate Commerce Act lodges in the ICC exclusive power to suspend rate increases pending final determination of their lawfulness. Meanwhile, in October, 1972, after an oral hearing, the ICC issued a final report declining to declare the selective rate increases unlawful, terminating the previously entered suspension order, canceling the surcharge that had been subsumed in the selective increases, and ordering a ceiling on rate increases with respect to some, but not all, recyclables. The report stated that, having given extensive consideration to environmental factors, the ICC would not file a separate, formal impact statement under the NEPA, and pointed out that the ICC had begun a separate investigation into the entire rate structure focusing on whether it interfered with the Government's environmental program. However, in November, 1972, the ICC reopened its investigation into the lawfulness of selective rate increases to reconsider the environmental effects of the new rates on recyclables, such rates being suspended for an additional period with the railroads' consent. In March, 1973, the ICC served an expanded draft impact statement, and in May, 1973, issued a final impact statement, concluding that its order of October, 1972, had been correct, and finally terminating its investigation without declaring any of the proposed rates unlawful except as previously provided in the October, 1972, order. In May, 1973, shortly before the increased rates on recyclables were to become effective, appellees SCRAP and Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to restrain the implementation of increased rates on recyclables, and the three-judge court granted the motion. The railroads and the ICC appealed, and in June, 1973, THE CHIEF JUSTICE stayed the order on the railroads' motion, and the full Court declined to vacate the stay, 413 U.S. 917, with the result that the increased rates on recyclables went into, and remain in, effect. In November, 1973, this Court vacated the preliminary injunction and remanded the cases for reconsideration, 414 U.S. 1035. Meanwhile, appellees had filed motions for summary judgment in the three-judge court. Finding that the ICC had failed to comply with the NEPA in that, inter alia, it failed to hold an oral hearing before adopting the final impact statement, having previously held such a hearing (presumptively

Page 422 U. S. 291

an "existing agency review process") before issuing its October, 1972, order, and should have started over again after it decided to issue a final impact statement, that court set aside the ICC order terminating the general revenue proceeding without declaring the rate increases unlawful, and ordered the ICC to reopen the proceeding, prepare a new impact statement under the NEPA, hold hearings, and reconsider, in light of the new statement, its determination to declare the rate increases on recyclables lawful. The railroads appealed, claiming that the District Court had no jurisdiction over the case, and that the ICC had, in any event, fully complied with the NEPA, and the ICC and the United States appealed, claiming only that the ICC had so complied with the NEPA.

Held:

1. This Court has jurisdiction over the appeals under 28 U.S.C. § 1253, which gives this Court jurisdiction to determine appeals from "an order granting or denying . . . an . . . injunction in any civil action . . . required . . . to be heard and determined" by a three-judge district court, since the District Court's order, which not only declared that the ICC had failed to comply with the NEPA but also directed the ICC to perform certain acts, was an "injunction" within the meaning of § 1253, and since, moreover, such order restrained "the enforcement, operation or execution" of the ICC order within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2325, and hence could have been issued only by a three-judge court. Pp. 422 U. S. 306-309.

2. The District Court had jurisdiction to review the ICC's decision not to declare the increased rates unlawful, notwithstanding such decision was made in a general revenue proceeding. Pp. 422 U. S. 310-319.

(a) There is no merit to the railroads' argument that the ICC's decision is just as much an interim decision as a decision not to suspend a particular rate pending investigation, and hence is unreviewable under SCRAP I, supra. Since the District Court did not enjoin collection of the rates so as to come within the rule barring courts from entering disruptive injunctions against collection of rates not finally declared unlawful by the ICC, the rule of SCRAP I is not applicable even if what the railroads say is true. P. 422 U. S. 317.

(b) Nor is there any merit to the railroads' argument (1) that, treating the District Court's decision as a review of whether the record supported the ICC's decision not to suspend the rates as to recyclables, the District Court reviewed an issue not yet decided finally by the ICC in violation of the principles of finality

Page 422 U. S. 292

and exhaustion of remedies, and (2) that the District Court's conclusion that the rule against review of general revenue proceedings does not apply to NEPA cases is contrary to the decision in SCRAP I that the NEPA does not change preexisting jurisdictional rules. Here, the issue as to whether the ICC had adequately considered under the NEPA environmental factors in the general revenue proceeding had already been finally decided by the ICC, and the relief sought from and granted by the District Court could not have been obtained from the ICC in a subsequent proceeding under § 13 of the Interstate Commerce Act. While the interim nature of a general revenue proceeding may be relevant to the extent of the consideration of environmental factors required, its nature does not prevent review of the question, finally decided by the ICC, whether the environmental impact statement prepared for that proceeding is adequate. When agency consideration of environmental factors in connection with major "federal action" is complete, notions of finality and exhaustion do not bar judicial review of the adequacy of such consideration, even though other aspects of the rate increase are not ripe for review. Pp. 422 U. S. 317-319.

3. The District Court erred in deciding that the oral hearing that the ICC held prior to its October, 1972, order was an "existing agency review process" during which a final environmental impact statement should have been available. The NEPA provides that a formal impact statement "shall accompany the proposal through the existing agency review processes," and hence does not affect the time when the "statement" must be prepared, but simply provides what must be done with the "statement" once it is prepared. Under this provision, the time at which the agency must prepare the final "statement" is the time at which it makes a recommendation or report on a proposal for federal action. Here, until the October, 1972, report, the ICC had made no proposal, and hence the earliest time at which the statute required a statement was the time of the October, 1972, report -- some time after the oral hearing. Pp. 422 U. S. 319-321.

4. The District Court also erred in deciding that the ICC should have "started over again" after it decided to propose a formal impact statement, even assuming that the ICC erred in failing to prepare a separate impact statement to accompany its October, 1972, report or that the consideration given to environmental factors in that report was inadequate. To the extent that such decision is based on the court's belief that the March, 1973, draft

Page 422 U. S. 293

impact statement had to be considered at a hearing, it is incorrect, since it appears that the consultation with environmentally expert agencies required by the NEPA occurred from the outset, that environmental issues pervaded the hearings held, and that all draft impact statements were circulated before the hearings, thus indicating that, procedurally, the NEPA was thoroughly complied with to the time of the October, 1972, report. And to the extent that such decision is based on the court's belief that the ICC did not in good faith reconsider its October, 1972, order in light of the impact statement, it is without support in the record, since the ICC (as it, in fact, proceeded to do) was in as good a position to correct a statutory error by integrating environmental factors into its reopened investigation and into its May, 1973, decision, as it would have been if the October, 1972, report had never been written. Pp. 422 U. S. 321-322.

5. The District Court further erred in concluding that the final environmental impact statement was deficient. Pp. 422 U. S. 322-328.

(a) As in most general revenue proceedings, the "action" taken by the ICC was in response to the railroads' claim of a financial crisis, and the inquiry was primarily into whether such a crisis -- usually entitling the railroads to a general increase -- existed, leaving primarily to more appropriate future proceedings the task of answering challenges to rates on individual commodities or categories thereof, the latter question -- usually involved in a general revenue proceeding only to a limited extent -- raising the most serious environmental issues, and the former question raising few such issues, none of which is claimed here to have been inadequately addressed in the impact statement. Pp. 422 U. S. 322-324.

(b) There is no merit to the appellees' argument that the environmental consequences flowing from a facially neutral rate increase, which, when superimposed on an underlying rate structure, allegedly discriminates against recyclables, must be explored in an impact statement and can be explored only by analyzing the underlying rate structure; and that, moreover, the ICC has been tardy in complying with the NEPA, was required to analyze the underlying rate structure only once with a view toward environmental consequences, had plenty of time and cause to do so before its general revenue proceeding, and therefore should not have been permitted to terminate that proceeding without having done so. Such argument is not only contrary to the holding in United States v. Louisiana, 290 U. S. 70, giving the ICC wide discretion to decide what issues to address in a general revenue

Page 422 U. S. 294

proceeding and to postpone comprehensive consideration of discrimination claims, but it also loses force in view of the fact that the ICC had already begun an investigation of the underlying rate structure before commencing its investigation in the general revenue proceeding, and had started to consider environmental issues in the former investigation before the District Court's decision. Thus, even if the NEPA were read to require the ICC to address comprehensively the underlying rate structure at least once before approving a facially neutral general rate increase, no purpose could have been served by ordering it to explore the discrimination question in the general revenue proceeding when it was already doing so in a more appropriate proceeding. Pp. 422 U. S. 324-325.

(c) The District Court's decision to deem the "federal action" involved in the general revenue proceeding to include an implicit approval of the underlying rate structure was inaccurate, and led it to an entirely unwarranted intrusion into an apparently sensible decision by the ICC to take much more limited "action" in that proceeding and to undertake the larger action in a separate proceeding better suited to the task. P. 422 U. S. 326.

(d) In view of the scope of the "federal action" being taken by the ICC in the general revenue proceeding, the District Court was incorrect in holding that the final impact statement inadequately explored the underlying rate structure and the extent to which the use of recyclables will be affected by the rate structure. Pp. 422 U. S. 326-328.

371 F. Supp. 1291, reversed.

WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and BRENNAN, STEWART, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, and REHNQUIST, JJ., joined, and in Parts I, II, and III of which DOUGLAS, J., joined. DOUGLAS, J., filed an opinion dissenting in part, post, p. 422 U. S. 328. POWELL, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of the cases.

Page 422 U. S. 295

MR JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

The Nation's railroads, the United States, and the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) appeal from the judgment of a three-judge federal court which set aside an ICC order terminating a general revenue proceeding without declaring unlawful certain rate increases filed by the Nation's railroads with the ICC. The order directed the ICC to reopen the proceeding, prepare a better environmental impact statement under § 102(2)(C) of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 83 Stat. 853, 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C), hold hearings, and reconsider, in light of the new impact statement, its determination not to declare the rate increases applicable to recyclables [Footnote 1] unlawful. The impact statement involved is that required by § 102(2) of NEPA, 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2), set out in the margin. [Footnote 2] The judgment was based on the three-judge

Page 422 U. S. 296

court's view that the 150-printed-page impact statement prepared by the ICC in connection with the general revenue proceeding insufficiently considered certain environmental issues, and thus failed to comply with the mandate of subsection (2)(C) of § 102 of NEPA; and that failure of the ICC to hold hearings after preparing a draft of the statement violated the command of the statute that the statement "accompany the proposal

Page 422 U. S. 297

through the existing agency review processes." Because we believe that the District Court erred in several respects, we reverse.

I This lawsuit has a lengthy history, a brief summary of which is necessary to an understanding of the issues presented by this appeal. In December, 1971, citing sharply increasing costs and decreasing or negative profits, substantially all of the Nation's railroads collectively proposed to file tariffs increasing their freight rates by 2.5% across the board. The "surcharge" was stated to be temporary, and was to be followed by a filing for larger, somewhat selective rate increases. Finding that the railroads had a critical and immediate need for revenue, the ICC declined to exercise its power to suspend proposed rate increases under 24 Stat. 384, as amended, 49 U.S.C. § 15(7), and the surcharge became effective on February 5, 1972. On March 17, 1972, the railroads filed their selective increase proposal, which would result in an average increase across the board of 4.1% over the rates antedating the surcharge -- these new selective increases to become effective on May 1, 1972. Meanwhile, the ICC had directed the railroads to file an environmental impact statement with respect to the rate increases and to serve it on interested parties. This was done on January 3, 1972, and those served included appellee SCRAP. Numerous comments were received in response to this statement. On April 24, 1972, the ICC suspended the effectiveness of the selective increases for the maximum allowable seven-month period under 49 U.S.C. § 15(7), until November 30, 1972, pending its investigation, styled Ex parte 281, into their lawfulness. On March 6, 1972, the ICC served a brief draft environmental impact statement of its own on all parties to Ex parte 281, including appellees and the Council on Environmental Quality

Page 422 U. S. 298

(CEQ), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Department of Transportation. The statement discussed environmental consequences of rate increases with respect to recyclables in general terms, and concluded that the ICC had no basis yet to believe that the environment would be substantially affected thereby.

Thereafter, while the selective rates were suspended but the surcharge was being collected, a group of law students -- (SCRAP) -- and other environmental groups filed the instant lawsuit alleging that the ICC had made a decision not to suspend the 2.5% surcharge pending its investigation -- which decision would have a substantial effect on the environment -- without preparing an environmental impact statement or considering environmental issues, as required by the NEPA. Appellees claimed that the preexisting rate structure discriminated against recyclables and in favor of virgin materials, and that the across-the-board rate surcharge exacerbated this situation with the unfortunate consequence to the environment that use of recyclable materials would be inhibited, and use of virgin materials encouraged. The complaint sought to compel the ICC to suspend the rate surcharge and to enjoin the railroads from collecting it.

A three-judge court was therefore convened under 28 U.S.C. § 2325, which has since been repealed. Relief was granted. On direct appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1253, this Court reversed, holding that, under the doctrine of Arrow Transportation Co. v. Southern R. Co., 372 U. S. 658 (1963), 49 U.S.C. § 15(7) lodges in the ICC exclusive power to suspend rate increases pending final determination of their lawfulness. United States v. SCRAP, 412 U. S. 669 (1973) (SCRAP I).

Meanwhile, on October 4, 1972, the ICC issued a final report dated September 27, 1972, declining, in the main,

Page 422 U. S. 299

to declare unlawful the selective rate increases, and terminating the suspension order previously entered. The surcharge was canceled, those increases having been subsumed in the selective increases. The report, which was prepared after extensive written responses to the draft environmental impact statement had been submitted by various Government and nongovernment agencies and after oral hearings had been held, covers 92 printed pages, 17 of which deal with the question whether the railroads were in need of additional revenue; 15 of which deal with general environmental consequences which might flow from the increases; and 36 of which deal with the environmental consequences to flow from specific increases in rates on specific recyclable materials.

The report noted that the "principal issue" in a general revenue proceeding is whether the railroads are in need of additional revenue; and concluded that the railroads had demonstrated overwhelmingly that they were. It then stated that there were two possible adverse affects on the environment which might flow from failure to declare the increases unlawful. First, the increase in rail rates might divert traffic to trucks, which are allegedly heavier polluters than trains. Second, the increase in rates for recyclables might discourage their use resulting in increased solid waste -- disposal of which creates environmental problems -- and an accelerated depletion of the country's natural resources. The danger of diversion to truck traffic was considered insubstantial for several reasons, among which were the fact that truck rates had increased due to similar increases in costs and the fact that the rate increases sought by the railroads were permissive, and would not be used with respect to commodities which would be diverted to trucks. Moreover, any danger of diversion was plainly outweighed by

Page 422 U. S. 300

the fact that the railroads needed money, and would eventually go out of business without the increases. [Footnote 3]

With respect to recyclables, the report emphasized that time is of the essence in general revenue proceedings in light of the claim of need by the railroads for immediate revenue, and that their entitlement to the overall increase usually follows from a showing of such need. The consideration of other factors is therefore necessarily abbreviated, and their further analysis is postponed to specialized proceedings more appropriate for their in-depth consideration, such as proceedings incident to individual complaints filed under 49 U.S.C. § 13(1) asserting that a particular rate or group of rates, such as rates on recyclables, are unjust and unreasonable, too high in relation to other rates, or otherwise illegal under the applicable law. Indeed, the report pointed out that the ICC had itself begun Ex parte 270, a separate comprehensive investigation into the entire rate structure, and was there focusing on the question whether the rate pattern interfered with the Government's environmental program. The report noted that there were limits on the extent to which the applicable provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act would permit special rates for recyclables or allow the ICC to require the railroads to subsidize their transportation. Applying standard ratemaking criteria, the report rejected, on the basis of the information then before it, the claim that the underlying rate structure discriminated against recyclables. It also concluded that the use of recyclables, particularly ferrous scrap, was not responsive to rate increases -- particularly when accompanied by similar rate increases applicable to competing virgin materials. The ICC ordered a 3% ceiling on increases with respect to some, but not all, [Footnote 4] recyclables,

Page 422 U. S. 301

and concluded that there was no reason for finally determining in the context of a general revenue proceeding whether the rate structure, with or without the scheduled increases, was unjust and unreasonable or illegally discriminatory. The report also stated that, having given extensive consideration to environmental factors, SCRAP I, 412 U.S. at 412 U. S. 683 n. 11, the ICC would not file a separate, formal environmental impact statement under § 102(2)(C) of the NEPA.

The report indicated that the increases on nonrecyclables would become effective on 15 days' notice from the railroads, and that the increases on recyclables would become effective on 35 days' notice. The increased period for recyclables was set so that interested parties would have the opportunity to comment on the report. The ICC issued an order to that effect on October 4, 1972.

In response to comments which were filed by several parties, the ICC reopened Ex parte 281 on November 7, 1972, to reconsider the environmental effects of the new rates on recyclables in light of a fuller written consideration of these issues. The new rates on recyclables were suspended with the consent of the railroads for an additional seven months until June 10, 1973.

On March 13, 1973, the ICC served an expanded draft environmental impact statement. Comments were thereafter received from the EPA, the CEQ, the Department of Transportation, all of the appellees herein, and others. On May 1, 1973, the ICC issued a final impact statement covering 150 printed pages, with an additional 21-page bibliography. The main difference between the October 4, 1972, report and the impact statement was that the latter substantially expanded on the discussion of the underlying rate structure and the effect of rate increases on each of the recycling industries. With respect to the underlying rate structure, the conclusion, in the light of

Page 422 U. S. 302

the then-available information and under the controlling ratemaking principles, was that it did not discriminate. The statement examined factors affecting the price of each recyclable commodity and factors other than price affecting the demand for such commodities. It was again concluded that freight rate increases affect such demand only negligibly. The ICC reemphasized that, in general revenue proceedings, analysis might fall short of what might transpire in other kinds of proceedings under 49 U.S.C. § 13 or in the Commission's own Ex parte 270, to which attention was again called. [Footnote 5] The conclusion of the ICC was that its order of October 4 had been correct; Ex parte 281 was therefore finally terminated without declaring any of the proposed rates unlawful except as previously provided in the October 4 order. [Footnote 6]

On May 30, 1973, 11 days before the increased rates on recyclables were to become effective, appellees SCRAP and EDF filed a motion -- apparently in the context of their earlier filed complaint against the surcharge -- for a preliminary injunction restraining the implementation of the freight rate increases with respect to recyclables. On June 7, 1973, the three-judge court entered an order temporarily enjoining the railroads from collecting the rates, declaring, without any explanation whatever, that

Page 422 U. S. 303

such order would "not substantially harm the railroads." [Footnote 7] The railroads and the ICC filed appeals. On June 8, 1973, THE CHIEF JUSTICE stayed the order upon the railroads' motion. On June 25, 1973, the full Court declined to vacate the stay on motion by appellees SCRAP and EDF, 413 U.S. 917. The increases in recyclables were then placed into effect, and continue in effect today. On November 19, 1973, this Court vacated the preliminary injunction and remanded the cases for reconsideration in light of Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. Wichita Bd. of Trade, 412 U. S. 800 (1973). 414 U.S. 1035. [Footnote 8]

Meanwhile, appellees had filed motions for summary judgment before the three-judge court seeking (a) a declaration that the ICC's orders declining to declare the rate increases unlawful were themselves unlawful because the environmental impact statement was inadequate, and an order directing the ICC to reconsider its decision in light of a better impact statement; and (b) a permanent injunction restraining collection of the rate increases on recyclables by the railroads. Over a dissent,

Page 422 U. S. 304

the District Court vacated the order of the ICC terminating Ex parte 281 without declaring the increases unlawful and ordered it to prepare a new impact statement, hold hearings on the statement, and reconsider its decision not to find the rates unlawful. It declined to enjoin collection of the rates in the interim.

The court first rejected the applicability of the line of lower court cases, beginning with Algoma Coal & Coke Co. v. United States, 11 F. Supp. 487 (ED Va.1935), holding decisions of the ICC not to declare proposed increased rates unlawful in general revenue proceedings to be unreviewable. The court noted that this Court had divided evenly in 400 U. S. 73 (1970) in affirming Atlantic City Electric Co. v. United States, 306 F. Supp. 338 (SDNY 1969), and Alabama Power Co. v. United States, 316 F. Supp. 337 (DC 1970), and that the rule against reviewability of general revenue proceedings was therefore of questionable vitality -- especially where the issue presented for review is not the reasonableness of a particular rate, but the general question whether the railroads' revenue needs justify environmental costs. However, the court rested its holding on the ground that this is a NEPA case. It said that, unlike shippers, who may properly be made to exhaust their remedies under 49 U.S.C. §§ 13 and 15 by seeking refunds, environmental groups may not have such remedies. Moreover, environmental issues are better considered at a single general revenue proceeding than at countless individual § 13 proceedings, and their resolution must be reviewed promptly in order to avoid irreparable damage to the environment. Environmental degradation occurring while a § 13 proceeding is pending is irreparable, unlike injury to shippers, which can be cured by reparations.

The court then found that the ICC had failed to comply with NEPA in two respects. First, no oral hearing

Page 422 U. S. 305

had been held after circulation of the second draft impact statement on March 13, 1973, and before the preparation of the final impact statement. The court conceded that NEPA does not require the holding of hearings which the agency does not otherwise hold, and that the ICC is not required to hold hearings in a general revenue proceeding, United States v. Florida East Coast R. Co., 410 U. S. 224 (1973). However, it ruled that, since the ICC held an oral hearing before adopting its October 4, 1972, report, such a hearing was therefore presumptively an "existing agency review process," and one should have been held before adopting the final environmental impact statement on May 1, 1973. Moreover, the ICC had simply reconsidered its October 4, 1972, decision in light of the impact statement, instead of starting all over again from the beginning. In order to start over again, it had to consider its impact statement at an oral hearing. Second, the court concluded that the report did not give "good faith" consideration to environmental factors. The court viewed the tone of the impact statement as "combative, defensive and advocatory"; it criticized the ICC for refusing to find in NEPA a congressional expression that it should invalidate rates otherwise just and reasonable on the ground that the rates would negatively affect the environment; and it criticized the ICC for refusing to change its analysis even after other Government agencies commented unfavorably on the statement. It held the statement deficient in two respects. First, it held that the statement did not sufficiently analyze the underlying rate structure, and that the ICC had, instead, considered only the impact of the increase involved in Ex parte 281. Second, the ICC should have more extensively explored the quantitative response of recycling businesses to freight rates by conducting a "rigorous price sensitivity study" and by analyzing whether industry

Page 422 U. S. 306

would develop new technology to utilize secondary materials if encouraged to do so by lower transportation costs.

The court then vacated the orders of the ICC, which had terminated Ex parte 281 without declaring the rate increases unlawful, and ordered the ICC to prepare a new impact statement analyzing the underlying rate structure, the elasticity of demand for recyclables, and the probability of encouraging new technology in the use of scrap. It ordered the ICC to hold hearings after circulating the new impact statement, and to fully consider anew, in light of the new statement and the hearing, whether the increased rates should be declared unlawful. The court declined to enjoin the collection of the rates, while claiming that it could have, and probably should have, done so notwithstanding Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. Wichita Bd. of Trade, supra. [Footnote 9]

The railroads appeal, claiming that the District Court had no jurisdiction over this case, and that the ICC had, in any event, fully complied with NEPA. The ICC and the United States appeal, claiming only that the ICC has fully complied with NEPA. We noted probable jurisdiction in both cases. 419 U.S. 822 (1974).

II At the outset, we face a challenge to our appellate jurisdiction. Under 28 U.S.C. § 2325, now repealed, [Footnote 10] a

Page 422 U. S. 307

three-judge court was required to grant

"[a]n interlocutory or permanent injunction restraining the enforcement, operation or execution, in whole or in part, of any order of the Interstate Commerce Commission."

Title 28 U.S.C. § 1253 gives us jurisdiction to determine appeals from

"an order granting or denying . . . an . . . injunction in any civil action . . . required . . . to be heard and determined by a district court of three judges."

All parties agree that the action below was a civil action required to be heard and determined by a three-judge court, for appellees sought an injunction restraining collection of the increased rates which the ICC had refused to declare unlawful.

The question under the statutory language is whether the order being appealed from is an "injunction" within the meaning of that word as used in § 1253. Appellees claim that, since the court below declined to restrain collection of the increased rates, its order was not an injunction, but a declaratory judgment not appealable under § 1253, e.g., Mitchell v. Donovan, 398 U. S. 427 (1970); Gunn v. University Committee, 399 U. S. 383 (1970). But the District Court's order not only declared that the ICC had failed to comply with NEPA, it also directed the ICC to perform certain acts. The order was plainly cast in injunctive terms. The order "directs" the ICC to reopen Ex parte 281 and to conduct further proceedings which "must" include preparation of an impact statement dealing with enumerated issues. In declining to restrain collection of the rates, the court said it was declining to grant "to plaintiffs additional injunctive relief" (emphasis added). Were the order of the District Court left undisturbed, the ICC would hardly be free to decline to prepare a new impact statement or to conduct further proceedings. The order would have as coercive an effect on the ICC, its members, and its

Page 422 U. S. 308

staff, as could any order of a district court in a proceeding to review an order of the ICC. This is enough to bring the order of the court below within the meaning of the word "injunction," as used in § 1253. [Footnote 11]

It is also apparent that the District Court's injunction restrained "the enforcement, operation or execution" of the order of the ICC within the meaning of § 2325, and could therefore have been issued only by a three-judge court. The ICC order of October 4, 1972, reaffirmed on May 1, 1973, declined to declare the general rate increase unlawful, or, with minor exceptions, to interfere with its collection. That order terminated Ex parte 281. The District Court, although it did not enjoin collection of the increased rates, emasculated the ICC order in major respects. Contrary to the order of the ICC, Ex parte 281 was to be reopened and further proceedings had with respect to the legality of the increased rates. Contrary to the ICC order, the environmental impact statement of the ICC was declared insufficient, and a new statement ordered prepared. The District Court's order, as we

Page 422 U. S. 309

have said, was in injunctive terms; and it is not tenable to assert that it did not interfere with the operative effect of the ICC order of May 1, 1973. [Footnote 12]

Page 422 U. S. 310

The railroads, but not the United States or the ICC, argue that the District Court had no jurisdiction to review the decision of the ICC, made in a general revenue proceeding, not to declare the increased rates unlawful. The argument is supported by a long line of District Court decisions; see, e.g., Algoma Coal & Coke Co. v. United States, 11 F. Supp. 487 (ED Va.1935); Koppers Co. v. United States, 132 F. Supp. 159 (WD Pa.1955); Florida Citrus Comm'n v. United States, 144 F. Supp. 517 (ND Fla.1956), aff'd per curiam, 352 U.S. 1021 (1957); Atlantic City Electric Co. v. United States, 306 F. Supp. 338 (SDNY 1969), and Alabama Power Co. v. United States, 316 F. Supp. 337 (DC 1969), both aff'd by an equally divided Court, 400 U. S. 73 (1970); Electronic Industries Assn. v. United States, 310 F. Supp. 1286 (DC 1970), aff'd, 401 U.S. 967 (1971); and its correctness in its application to this case turns in part on an understanding of just what a general revenue proceeding is.

Page 422 U. S. 311

A

Under the Interstate Commerce Act, the initiative in setting rates remains with the railroads. See SCRAP I, 412 U.S. at 412 U. S. 672. The ICC has the power, after exercise of this initiative by the railroads, and after an investigation, either upon its own initiative or upon complaint by an interested party, to declare a rate unlawful if it finds that the rate is unjust, unreasonable, preferential, discriminatory, or otherwise in violation of the Act. 49 U.S.C. §§ 13 and 15. The ICC, and only the ICC, SCRAP I, supra, also has the power to suspend a new rate for up to seven months pending its determination of lawfulness. 49 U.S.C. § 15(7). [Footnote 13] Where the increase initiated by a railroad relates only to a single commodity, and where the ICC conducts an investigation, the investigation will be a thorough inquiry into the justness and reasonableness of that particular rate. However, the reason for increasing a particular rate may be a reason, such as across-the-board cost increases, which dictates an increase in virtually all rates by a large number of railroads. In those cases, the railroads have, in the exercise of their initiative, proposed across-the-board increases applicable to all or nearly all of their rates. This Court in New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184, 261 U. S. 196-198 (1923), recognizing the practical problems which the ICC faced in such a situation, permitted it to find the new rates lawful after taking proof relating not to any particular rate, but to the reasonableness of the

Page 422 U. S. 312

increases in general. In United States v. Louisiana, 290 U. S. 70, 290 U. S. 76-78 (1933), this Court approved of an ICC procedure whereby it permitted an across-the-board rate increase to become effective after investigation -- by declining to declare it unlawful and increasing previously set maxima where necessary -- without a finding that each new rate was lawful and without itself prescribing any of the new rates. [Footnote 14] This Court, after pointing out the practical impossibility of inquiring into the reasonableness of each rate, stated:

"[I]n performing the duty broadly to increase carrier revenue, it is enough if the Commission, in the first instance, makes such inquiry and investigation as would enable it to say that the prescribed increases, when applied to members of the group, will generally not exceed a reasonable maximum."

Id. at 290 U. S. 76-77. (Emphasis added.) The Court went on to say:

"The extent of this inquiry and the detail of investigation can not be marked by this Court with certainty. The size of the group dealt with, the nature of the traffic, the urgency of the relief demanded, these and other factors should condition the Commission's procedure in each case. But with proper procedure, the ultimate finding that the rates, as generally applied, are reasonable, supported by evidence and accompanied by suitable reservation of the rights of all interested parties to secure modification of any particular rate which, when challenged, is found to be unjust or unreasonable, complies with the statute. The requirement that increase of rates

Page 422 U. S. 313

by Commission action is to be in the exercise of its power to prescribe reasonable rates is, thus, observed but in conformity to the administrative necessities which the proviso contemplates."

Id. at 290 U. S. 77. Proceedings such as that described in United States v. Louisiana, in which the ICC has been called upon to decide whether to prevent a substantially across-the-board rate increase, have become known as general revenue proceedings. The ICC's inquiry has tended to focus on whether the railroads are really in need of increased revenues, and has tended to leave for individual rate or refund proceedings under 49 U.S.C. §§ 13 and 15 the problem of determining just which commodities on which runs should bear the increased burden, and to what extent. The ICC is careful to leave such refund claims open by including in the general revenue order a statement such as the one included here:

"Thus, we do not attempt to determine whether the particular rates which result from the increases are maximum reasonable rates, nor does the order constitute a prescription of rates within the meaning of the decision in Arizona Grocery Co. v. Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry. Co., 284 U. S. 370. If individual rates or groups of rates are believed to be unjust and unreasonable, a shipper or other interested persons has [sic] an administrative remedy available in sections 13 and 15 of the Interstate Commerce Act, 49 U.S.C. §§ 13 and 15."

Ex parte No. 281, Increased Freight Rates and Charges, 1972 (Environmental Matters), 346 I.C.C. 88, 103 (1973).

Of course, the ICC has the power in a general revenue proceeding to declare the new rates unlawful and disapprove the increase. It could also, if it chose, declare some of the rates discriminatory, unreasonable, or otherwise unlawful; and it could itself affirmatively approve

Page 422 U. S. 314

all or some of the rates as just and reasonable. But under the Louisiana case, the general rule has been that the ICC may confine its attention in general revenue proceedings almost entirely to the need for revenue and to any other factors that relate to the legality of the general increase as a whole; and it follows a fortiori that, if attention is given to other issues, that attention may be of a limited nature.

The instant proceeding, in which substantially all of this country's railroads sought increases in substantially all of their rates based upon alleged cost increases which placed them in a financial crisis, plainly qualifies as a general revenue proceeding. Environmental issues aside, the ICC, true to form, devoted most of its investigation to the issue of the railroads' revenue needs, but did inquire to some extent into the reasonableness of the increases as applied to certain broad categories of charges.

In Algoma Coal & Coke Co. v. United States, 11 F. Supp. 487 (ED Va.1935), shippers of coal sought review in a three-judge court of the decision of the ICC in a general revenue proceeding not to declare the proposed increases unlawful insofar as they applied to coal. The claim was that the increased rates on coal were unjust and unreasonable. The court declined to set aside the rate increases. It pointed out that the ICC's order was permissive only -- it simply declined to prevent the rate increases. [Footnote 15] It then stated that the ICC had not yet decided whether the increased rates on coal specifically were just and reasonable, but had decided only that the railroad's revenue needs rendered the general increase reasonable, and that the plaintiffs had a procedure available to them -- a complaint under § 13 seeking a

Page 422 U. S. 315

refund and a declaration of unjustness or unreasonableness from the ICC -- in which it could cause the ICC to decide whether the new coal rates were just and reasonable. As the ICC had not yet addressed the question presented by the plaintiffs to the court, the court declined to decide it. [Footnote 16] The court also held that the decision of the ICC was, in essence, one not to suspend the rate increases, and that the courts had no power to suspend if the ICC did not do so. Board of Railroad Comm'rs v. Great Northern R. Co., 281 U. S. 412 (1930). See also SCRAP I, supra.

Since the Algoma decision, shippers seeking to undo, with respect to particular commodities, a decision by the ICC in a general revenue proceeding not to declare rate increases unlawful have been uniformly unsuccessful. In those cases in which the shipper claimed only that the increase on a particular commodity was unjust or unreasonable -- without addressing the question whether a general increase of some sort was justified -- the courts have declined to rule on the issue posed for the reason that the ICC had not yet addressed it. Koppers Co. v. United States, 132 F. Supp. 159 (WD Pa.1955); Florida Citrus Comm'n v. United States, 144 F. Supp. 517 (ND Fla.1956); Electronic Industries Assn. v. United States, 310 F. Supp. 1286 (DC 1970). In those cases in which shippers have attacked the ICC's decision that rate increases

Page 422 U. S. 316

in general were justified, the courts, going beyond the Algoma decision, have declined review on the ground that the shipper had not exhausted his administrative remedies under §§ 13 and 15. Atlantic City Electric Co. v. United States, 306 F. Supp. 338 (SDNY 1969), and Alabama Power Co. v. United States, 316 F. Supp. 337 (DC 1969), both aff'd by an equally divided Court, 400 U. S. 73 (1970).

B

The railroads claim that the decision of the court below violates the rule of the cases discussed above that decisions by the ICC in general revenue proceedings are unreviewable. First, the railroads argue that the decision in a general revenue proceeding not to declare rates unlawful is just as much an interim decision -- since it does not finally decide the lawfulness of any particular rate -- as is a decision not to suspend a particular rate pending investigation. See Algoma Coal Coke Co. v. United States, supra. Therefore, review of that decision is squarely banned by the Court's holding in SCRAP I that the courts have no power to suspend, or to overturn the ICC's decision not to suspend, rates pending the ICC's final determination of their lawfulness. Second, treating the decision of the court below as though it were a substantive review of the ICC's order -- addressed to the question whether the record supported the ICC's decision not to suspend the rates as to recyclables -- the railroads contend that the court below reviewed an issue not yet decided finally by the ICC in violation of settled principles of finality and exhaustion of administrative remedies. [Footnote 17] More generally,

Page 422 U. S. 317

the railroads attack the conclusion of the District Court that the rule against review of general revenue proceedings does not apply in "NEPA cases" as being squarely contrary to this Court's decision in SCRAP I that NEPA does not effect a change in preexisting jurisdictional rules. We disagree with each of these arguments.

The railroads' first argument fails because the court below did not enjoin collection of the rates. The rule of Arrow Transportation Co. v. Southern R. Co., 372 U. S. 658 (1963), and SCRAP I is one barring courts from entering disruptive injunctions against collection of rates not finally declared lawful or unlawful by the ICC. No such injunction is involved here. Thus even if a decision not to declare rates unlawful in a general revenue proceeding is no more final for purposes of the rule of SCRAP I than a decision not to suspend an individual rate pending investigation, the rule of SCRAP I is not applicable here.

The railroads' second argument fails because, unlike the issue of the reasonableness of a particular rate, and arguably unlike the issue of the reasonableness of a general increase, [Footnote 18] the issue addressed by the court below had

Page 422 U. S. 318

already been finally decided by the ICC, and the relief sought from and granted by the court below could not have been obtained from the ICC in a subsequent § 13 proceeding. The issue decided by the District Court was whether, under NEPA, the ICC had given adequate consideration to environmental factors in the general revenue proceeding. When the ICC terminated the general revenue proceeding, the one thing which it must certainly have finally decided was that it need give no further consideration to environmental factors in that proceeding; and no relief of the type sought from the District Court -- i.e., further consideration of environmental matters by the agency in that proceeding -- could thereafter be obtained from the agency. Whatever issues would remain open at a § 13 proceeding, one which would not remain open -- no matter who filed the complaint -- is whether or not sufficient consideration had been given to environmental factors at the general revenue proceeding. O f course, the ICC would give attention in the § 13 proceeding to whatever environmental factors it felt NEPA required at that proceeding.

Although the railroads claim that a general revenue proceeding is an interim proceeding -- the final one being a § 13 proceeding at which particular rates are adjudicated just and reasonable -- for ratemaking purposes, they do not claim that it has a similar status for NEPA purposes. All parties now agree that a general revenue proceeding is itself a "major federal action," independent of any later adjudication of the reasonableness of particular rates, requiring its own final environmental

Page 422 U. S. 319

impact statement so long as the proceeding has a substantial effect on the environment. This conclusion is clearly correct. Thus, whatever consideration of environmental matters is necessary or proper at the general revenue proceeding is over and done with when that proceeding terminates. The interim nature of a general revenue proceeding may be relevant to the question of the extent of the consideration of environmental factors required, but its nature does not prevent review of the question, finally decided by the ICC, whether the environmental impact statement prepared for that proceeding is adequate.

Our holding here is in no way inconsistent with our conclusion in SCRAP I that NEPA does not repeal by implication any other statute. We do not hold that NEPA supplies the courts with otherwise nonexistent power to prevent collection of rates; and we do not hold that NEPA permits review of the question of the justness or reasonableness of rate increases, either general or specific, at any earlier time than would otherwise have been permissible. NEPA does create a discrete procedural obligation on Government agencies to give written consideration of environmental issues in connection with certain major federal actions, and a right of action in adversely affected parties to enforce that obligation. When agency or departmental consideration of environmental factors in connection with that "federal action" is complete, notions of finality and exhaustion do not stand in the way of judicial review of the adequacy of such consideration, even though other aspects of the rate increase are not ripe for review.

IV We agree with appellants that the District Court erred in deciding that the oral hearing which the ICC chose to

Page 422 U. S. 320

hold prior to its October 4, 1972, order was an "existing agency review process" during which a final draft environmental impact statement (i.e., the one circulated in March, 1973) should have been available, and that it also erred in deciding that the ICC should have "started over again" after it decided to prepare a formal impact statement.

NEPA provides that "such statement . . . shall accompany the proposal through the existing agency review processes" (emphasis added). This sentence does not, contrary to the District Court opinion, affect the time when the "statement" must be prepared. It simply says what must be done with the "statement" once it is prepared -- it must accompany the "proposal." The "statement" referred to is the one required to be included "in every recommendation or report on proposals for . . . major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment," and is apparently the final impact statement, for no other kind of statement is mentioned in the statute. Under this sentence of the statute, the time at which the agency must prepare the final "statement" is the time at which it makes a recommendation or report on a proposal for federal action. Where an agency initiates federal action by publishing a proposal and then holding hearings on the proposal, the statute would appear to require an impact statement to be included in the proposal and to be considered at the hearing. Here, however, until the October 4, 1972, report, the ICC had made no proposal, recommendation, or report. The only proposal was the proposed new rates filed by the railroads. [Footnote 19] Thus, the earliest time at which the statute required a statement was the time

Page 422 U. S. 321

of the ICC's report of October 4, 1972 -- some time after the oral hearing. [Footnote 20]

The statute also requires that agencies consult with other environmentally expert agencies "prior to making any detailed statement"; and CEQ guidelines provide:

"To the fullest extent possible, all . . . hearings [on proposed agency action] shall include consideration of the environmental aspects of the proposed action. . . . Agencies should make any draft environmental [impact] statements to be issued available to the public at least fifteen (15) days prior to the time of such hearings."

40 CFR § 1500.7(d). (Emphasis added.) Such consultation occurred here from the outset; environmental issues pervaded the hearings held -- both oral and written; and all draft impact statements in existence were circulated before the hearings. Procedurally, NEPA was thus thoroughly complied with through October 4, 1972.

Assuming that the ICC erred in failing to prepare a separate formal environmental impact statement to accompany its October 4, 1972, report, or that the consideration given to environmental factors in that report was inadequate, the ICC need not have "started over again." To the extent that the District Court's conclusion to the contrary is based on its belief that the draft statement of March, 1973, had to be considered at a

Page 422 U. S. 322

hearing, it is incorrect for the reasons stated above. To the extent that it is based on the District Court's belief that the ICC did not in good faith reconsider its October 4, 1972, order in light of the impact statement, the District Court's decision is without support in the record. The ICC was in as good a position to correct a statutory error by integrating environmental factors into its reopened Ex parte 281 and into its decision in May, 1973, as it would have been if the October 4, 1972, report had never been written; this it proceeded to do, and we perceive no basis for affirming the District Court's decision in this respect.

V Emphasizing again the nonfinal and limited nature of the decision made by the ICC at a general revenue proceeding, the railroads and the ICC argue that the District Court erred in concluding that the environmental impact statement itself was deficient. They claim that, throughout the general revenue proceeding, the Commission gave environmental issues the "hard look" which is required by NEPA, Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Morton, 148 U.S.App.D.C. 5, 16, 458 F.2d 827, 838 (1972), and that appellees and the court below simply disagreed with their decision not to prevent the increase on recyclables. They also emphasize the fact that they were giving continuing and more extensive attention to environmental consequences flowing from the rate structure in another proceeding, Ex parte 270, which was more appropriate to the task. We substantially agree with this position.

In order to decide what kind of an environmental impact statement need be prepared, it is necessary first to describe accurately the "federal action" being taken. The action taken here was a decision -- entirely nonfinal with respect to particular rates -- not to declare unlawful [Footnote 21]

Page 422 U. S. 323

a percentage increase which, on its face, applied equally to virgin and some recyclable materials and which, on its face, limited the increase permitted on other recyclables. As in most general revenue proceedings, the "action" was taken in response to the railroads' claim of a financial crisis; and the inquiry, true to our decision in United States v. Louisiana, supra, was primarily into the question whether such a crisis -- usually thought to entitle the railroads to the general increase -- existed, leaving primarily to more appropriate future proceedings the task of answering challenges to rates on individual commodities or categories thereof. [Footnote 22] The point is that

Page 422 U. S. 324

it is the latter question -- usually involved in a general revenue proceeding only to a limited extent -- which may raise the most serious environmental issues. The former question -- the entitlement of the railroads to some kind of a general rate increase -- raises few environmental issues, and none which is claimed in this case to have been inadequately addressed in the impact statement.

The appellees insist that the decision not to prevent the facially neutral increases itself involves an impact on the environment when superimposed on an underlying rate structure which discriminates against recyclables. [Footnote 23] They claim that the underlying rate structure involved here does discriminate against recyclables, with serious environmental consequences, and that, upon more extensive consideration of the issue, the ICC has, in some part, at least, agreed with them and acted accordingly in subsequent general revenue proceedings. [Footnote 24] Accordingly, it is said, the environmental consequences owing from a facially neutral increase must be explored in an impact statement, and can only be explored by analyzing the underlying rate structure. They further argue, with force and some support in the record, that the ICC has been tardy in complying with NEPA, that the ICC was required

Page 422 U. S. 325

to analyze the underlying rate structure only once with a view toward environmental consequences; [Footnote 25] that it had plenty of time and cause to do so before Ex parte 281; and that it should, therefore, not have been permitted to terminate Ex parte 281 without having done so. This argument, however, stumbles over the holding in United States v. Louisiana, supra, which gives the ICC wide discretion in deciding what issues to address in a general revenue proceeding and permits it to postpone comprehensive consideration of claims of discrimination. It loses virtually all of its force in light of the fact that the ICC had begun an investigation of the underlying rate structure in Ex parte 270 before commencing Ex parte 281, and had started devoting specific attention to environmental issues in that proceeding before the decision of the court below. Thus, even if NEPA -- in the face of United States v. Louisiana and the failure of the appellees to initiate a proceeding under § 13 challenging rates on recyclables -- were read to require the ICC to address comprehensively the underlying rate structure at least once before approval of a facially neutral general rate increase, no purpose could have been served by ordering it to thoroughly explore the question in the confined and inappropriate context of a railroad proposal for a general rate increase when it was already doing so in a more appropriate proceeding. The rate increases will remain effective in any event until such time as the ICC obtains sufficient information to declare the increase on some commodities lawful or unlawful. [Footnote 26]

Page 422 U. S. 326

The decision of the lower court, therefore, to deem the "federal action" involved in Ex parte 281 to include an implicit approval of the underlying rate structure was inaccurate, and led it to an entirely unwarranted intrusion into an apparently sensible decision by the ICC to take much more limited "action" in that proceeding and to undertake the larger action in a separate proceeding better suited to the task. [Footnote 27]

Having defined the scope of the "federal action" being taken in Ex parte 281, our decision of this case becomes easy. The lower court held that the environmental impact statement inadequately explored the underlying rate structure and the extent to which the use of recyclables will be affected by the rate structure. Whatever the result would have been if the ICC had been approving the entire rate structure in Ex parte 281, [Footnote 28] given the nature of the action taken by the ICC, the lower court was plainly incorrect.

Page 422 U. S. 327

A review of the record discloses that environmental issues pervaded the proceeding. In terms of time, paper, and effort on the part of the Commission, the railroads, other Government agencies, and the appellees, the environmental issues far outweighed the financial issue usually thought controlling at a general revenue proceeding. The various statements, formal and informal, expressly recognized what all agree are the important possible environmental consequences involved -- increased solid waste disposal and accelerated depletion of natural resources. The statements implicitly recognized the common sense proposition that decisions to increase rates on recyclables could deter their use. The reports explored at some length the degree to which rate changes would affect the use of several separate categories of recyclables, looking, inter alia, at past responses to rate changes and at various other factors affecting use of recyclables, including technological aspects of the different recycling industries. Finally, the statements inquired, preliminarily, into the fairness of the underlying rate structure, concluding that, on the basis of the information then available, no discrimination could be found. Assuming that some rudimentary examination into the underlying rate structure and into the reasonableness of the new rates on particular recyclables was required, the consideration of environmental factors in connection therewith was more than adequate. Appellees' best argument is that the ICC has acquired more knowledge since Ex parte 281, and has changed its mind on a number of matters and acted accordingly. This, however,

Page 422 U. S. 328

simply points up the limited nature of the decision made in Ex parte 281, and the absence of a need to reopen it.

Reversed.

MR. JUSTICE POWELL took no part in the consideration or decision of these cases.

* Together with No. 73-1971, United States et al. v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP) et al., also on appeal from the same court.

[Footnote 1]

The term recyclables will refer throughout this opinion to materials obtained from products which have already been put to one commercial use -- for example, iron or steel obtained from a junked automobile.

[Footnote 2]

"[A]ll agencies of the Federal Government shall --"

"(A) utilize a systematic, interdisciplinary approach which will insure the integrated use of the natural and social sciences and the environmental design arts in planning and in decisionmaking which may have an impact on man's environment;"

"(B) identify and develop methods and procedures, in consultation with the Council on Environmental Quality . . . which will insure that presently unquantified environmental amenities and values may be given appropriate consideration in decisionmaking along with economic and technical considerations;"

"(C) include in every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, a detailed statement by the responsible official on -- "

"(i) the environmental impact of the proposed action,"

"(ii) any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented,"

"(iii) alternatives to the proposed action,"

"(iv) the relationship between local short-term uses of man's environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity, and"

"(v) any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented."

"Prior to making any detailed statement, the responsible Federal official shall consult with and obtain the comments of any Federal agency which has jurisdiction by law or special expertise with respect to any environmental impact involved. Copies of such statement and the comments and views of the appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies, which are authorized to develop and enforce environmental standards, shall be made available to the President, the Council on Environmental Quality and to the public as provided by section 552 of Title 5, and shall accompany the proposal through the existing agency review processes. . . ."

[Footnote 3]

None of the appellees nor the court below fault the ICC's analysis of this problem. It has, therefore, dropped out of the case.

[Footnote 4]

The increases with respect to ferrous scrap were not held down.

[Footnote 5]

Following the form implied by the statute, the statement included separate sections for each of the questions set forth in 42 U.S.C. §§ 4332(2)(C)(i)-(v). The statement concluded that the ICC's action would have no long-term or irreversible effects. It also concluded that, as an alternative, Congress might choose to subsidize recyclables in ways which did not place the burden of subsidies on the railroads or shippers of virgin materials.

[Footnote 6]

Commissioner Brown felt that the statement gave ample consideration to environmental matters, but that the Commission should have decided, on the basis of the statement, to declare all increases on recyclables unlawful. Commissioner Deason also dissented.

[Footnote 7]

Under the Interstate Commerce Act, increased rates which are suspended will never be collected for the period of the suspension. Increased rates which are collected are subject to refund if later determined to be unlawful. 49 U.S.C. §§ 15(7), 13.

[Footnote 8]

In Wichita, the ICC had approved certain increased charges proposed by the railroad. Finding the reasons given by the ICC for its approval to be inadequate to explain a departure from a longstanding rule which would have invalidated the charges, the District Court vacated the ICC's order, remanded for further proceedings, and enjoined the collection of the increased charges pending such proceedings. Seven Justices of this Court voted to reverse the granting of the injunctive relief, four on the basis of equitable considerations related to the doctrine of primary jurisdiction and three on the ground that such relief is barred by the doctrine of Arrow Transportation Co. v. Southern R. Co., 372 U. S. 658 (1963), see discussion supra at 422 U. S. 298, absent a declaration of unlawfulness by the ICC.

[Footnote 9]

In light of the fact that the court remanded to the ICC for further proceedings as to the lawfulness of the increase, injunctive relief was precluded by SCRAP I, which held that the district courts are without power to suspend rates pending a determination of lawfulness by the ICC.

[Footnote 10]

After February 28, 1975, review of ICC orders other than orders for the payment of money or in connection with suits to enforce ICC orders will be by courts of appeals. Pub.L. 9584, § 5, 88 Stat. 1917.

[Footnote 11]

Appellees argue that the order of the court below is not an injunction, because it is not enforceable by contempt. They cite nothing to support this claim, and we reject it. The court ordered the ICC, inter alia, to prepare another impact statement. Were the ICC to refuse to do so, the court would have no way of enforcing its order other than contempt, and it could not permit its order to be ignored. Moreover, we have repeatedly exercised jurisdiction under § 1253 over appeals from orders, unlike the one entered in this case, not cast in injunctive language, but which, by their terms, simply "set aside" or declined to "set aside" orders of the ICC. Chicago, M., St. P. & P. R. Co. v. United States, 366 U. S. 745, 366 U. S. 746 (1961); Ayrshire Collieries Corp. v. United States, 331 U. S. 132, 331 U. S. 141 (1947); Electronic Industries Assn. v. United States, 310 F. Supp. 1286 (DC 1970), aff'd, 401 U.S. 967 (1971). Indeed, in Electronic Industries, we requested separate briefs on the question whether there was a jurisdictional difference in ICC cases between "injunctions" and orders "setting aside" ICC determinations, and concluded that we had jurisdiction over the appeal.

[Footnote 12]

The soundness of this conclusion appears even more clearly from the legislative history of 28 U.S.C. § 2325. Before 1948, review of ICC orders was governed by the Urgent Deficiencies Appropriations Act of 1913. 38 Stat. 220. It provided in part:

"No interlocutory injunction suspending or restraining the enforcement, operation, or execution of, or setting aside, in whole or in part, any order made or entered by the Interstate Commerce Commission shall be issued or granted by any district court of the United States, or by any judge thereof, or by any circuit judge acting as district judge, unless the application for the same shall be presented to a circuit or district judge, and shall be heard and determined by three judges, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge, and unless a majority of said three judges shall concur in granting such application . . . and upon the final hearing of any suit brought to suspend or set aside, in whole or in part, any order of said commission the same requirement as to judges and the same procedure as to expedition and appeal shall apply."

(Emphasis added.) As can be seen, the three-judge requirement applied to orders "setting aside" an order of the ICC without, in terms, requiring as a prerequisite that the enforcement, operation, or execution of the order be restrained. In 1948, as part of the revision and codification of Title 28 and its enactment into positive law, the Urgent Deficiencies Appropriations Act was replaced by 28 U.S.C. §§ 2321-2325. The reviser's notes, which are authoritative in the construction of the 1948 revision, United States v. National City Lines, 337 U. S. 78, 337 U. S. 81-82 (1949); Stainback v. Mo Hock Ke Lok Po, 336 U. S. 368, 336 U. S. 376 n. 12 (1949), state, with respect to 28 U.S.C. § 2325, simply that it derives from "title 28, U.S.C.1940 ed., § 47 (Oct. 22, 1913, ch. 32, 38 Stat. 220)," which is the Urgent Deficiencies Appropriations Act. Under the longstanding principle of United States v. Ryder, 110 U. S. 729, 110 U. S. 740 (1884), it

"will not be inferred that the legislature, in revising and consolidating the laws, intended to change their policy, unless such intention be clearly expressed."

No such intent is expressed here, and, in our view, 28 U.S.C. § 2325 required three judges for entering all orders for which they were required under the Urgent Deficiencies Appropriations Act, which includes orders setting aside ICC orders. In other words, an order "setting aside" an ICC order inevitably restrains its "enforcement, operation or execution," within the meaning of § 2325, now repealed.

At oral argument, SCRAP contended that, under United States v. Griffin, 303 U. S. 226, 303 U. S. 233 (1938), the Urgent Deficiencies Appropriations Act did not permit review "to set aside every kind of order issued by the Commission," and, in particular, did not permit review of an order such as the one set aside in this case, which simply involved a refusal by the Commission to change the existing status. Id. at 303 U. S. 234. Insofar as it rested on the negative order doctrine of Procter & Gamble Co. v. United States, 225 U. S. 282 (1912), Griffin is no longer the law. United States v. Jones, 336 U. S. 641, 336 U. S. 647 (1949); Rochester Tel. Corp. v. United States, 307 U. S. 125, 307 U. S. 145 (1939). Insofar as Griffin was based on the notion that the Urgent Deficiencies Appropriations Act does not apply to challenges to ICC orders entered under the Railway Mail Pay Act, which are, in essence, suits for money, see United States v. ICC, 337 U. S. 426, 337 U. S. 442 (1949), against the United States, it has no application to this case.

[Footnote 13]

Failure to suspend does not always do irreparable harm to shippers who pay the increased rates. Unless the ICC has previously exercised its ancillary power to set rates or prescribe their maxima or minima, Arizona Grocery Co. v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., 284 U. S. 370 (1932), a shipper may always obtain a refund if he establishes that rates collected after refusal to suspend were unlawful. 49 U.S.C. § 13(1).

[Footnote 14]

To prescribe the new rates would be to cut off refund claims by injured shippers. Arizona Grocery Co. v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., supra.

[Footnote 15]

Insofar as the court's decision rested on the fact that the ICC's decision was a negative one, it is inconsistent with Rochester Tel. Corp. v. United States, 307 U. S. 125 (1939).

[Footnote 16]

The court declined to term its holding in this regard jurisdictional. It also said that it would review a claim that the ICC's order in a general revenue proceeding deprived a plaintiff of an "independent legal right." 11 F. Supp. at 496. Moreover, the court did address on the merits the issue which the ICC did decide -- namely whether the evidence supported the need for a general rate increase. The ICC claims that courts do have jurisdiction to review its decision in this respect notwithstanding the plaintiff's failure previously to seek relief under § 13. We do not decide whether the ICC is correct. See n 18, infra.

[Footnote 17]

The railroads contend that environmental groups may file complaints under § 13 challenging the justness and reasonableness of rates or groups of rates. The court below tentatively ruled otherwise. In light of our disposition of the issue dealt with in this part, we need not decide which is correct.

[Footnote 18]

The position of the ICC seems to be that its decision that a General rate increase is justified by reason of revenue need is a final decision ripe for immediate review, and Algoma Coal & Coke Co. v. United States, supra, would seem to support it. The railroads claim that such a decision is unreviewable absent exhaustion of § 13 remedies, and they are supported in this contention by the lower court decisions in Atlantic City Electric Co. v. United States, 306 F. Supp. 338 (SDNY 1969), and Alabama Power Co. v. United States, 316 F. Supp. 337 (DC 1969), both aff'd by an equally divided Court, 400 U. S. 73 (1970). We need not resolve this issue.

Part of NEPA provides that

"the policies, regulations, and public laws of the United States shall be interpreted and administered in accordance with the policies set forth in this chapter,"

42 U.S.C. § 4332(1), and one of the policies of the chapter is to "approach the maximum attainable recycling of depletable resources." The District Court expressly declined to review the question whether the ICC ultimately "gave insufficient weight to this environmental value" in reaching its conclusion that the general increase was justified. Therefore, this appeal does not involve reviewability of those substantive issues, including environmental issues, decided by the ICC at the general revenue proceeding.

[Footnote 19]

The ICC did require the railroads to circulate a draft impact statement shortly after its proposal was made.

[Footnote 20]

To the extent to which Calvert Cliffs' Coordination Committee v. AEC, 146 U.S.App.D.C. 33, 449 F.2d 1109 (1971); Greene County Planning Bd. v. FPC, 445 F.2d 412 (CA2), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 849 (1972); and Harlem Valley Transportation Assn. v. Stafford, 500 F.2d 328 (CA2 1974), read the requirement that the statement accompany the proposal through the existing agency review processes differently, they would appear to conflict with the statute.

[Footnote 21]

The decision which the ICC makes in a general revenue proceeding is, by law, far more confined than, for example, that of an agency deciding whether and where to build a new prison. E.g., Hanly v. Mitchell, 460 F.2d 640 (CA2), cert. denied sub nom. Hanly v. Kleindienst, 409 U.S. 990 (1972). The ICC is permitted to act against proposed rate increases, for more than a seven-month period, only if, upon the basis of its investigation, it can find that the rates are unlawful, i.e., unjust or unreasonable, or otherwise in violation of the Interstate Commerce Act. The ICC has concluded, and we agree, that the standards of the Act are broad enough to permit consideration of environmental factors, even at general revenue proceedings, Dayton-Goose Creek R. Co. v. United States, 263 U. S. 456, 263 U. S. 480 (1924); Ex parte 265 and Ex parte 267, Increased Freight Rates, 1970 and 1971, 339 I.C.C. 125 and 209 (1971). At the same time, standard ratemaking criteria limit the power of the ICC to force railroads to transport recyclable materials at deficit rates no matter how much the environment would be benefited thereby and no matter how much environmental injury would be caused by not doing so. Under present statutes, for example, the railroads could not be required to reduce rates on recyclables to zero.

[Footnote 22]

Appellants have not argued that consideration of the lawfulness of particular rates on particular recyclables was in no way before the ICC in Ex parte 281. We assume for the purposes of this case, therefore, that the "action" taken in Ex parte 281 included a decision not to declare rates on particular recyclables unlawful on the basis of the very limited inquiry appropriate to a general revenue proceeding.

[Footnote 23]

A percentage increase increases a high rate a larger absolute amount than it does a low rate.

[Footnote 24]

The Commission has concluded a thorough investigation, in Ex parte 270, of the underlying rate structure as it applies to ferrous scrap and the virgin ores with which it competes. In Ex parte 295, a subsequent general revenue proceeding, the Commission concluded on further investigation that the rates on waste paper and nonferrous metal scrap are high in comparison to the virgin materials with which they compete, and it refused to permit increases as to them. It also concluded that the environmental consequences of this situation are small. In Ex parte 310, the most recent general revenue proceeding, the ICC declined to permit increases on either ferrous or nonferrous scrap, citing general economic factors which had hurt those industries in particular.

[Footnote 25]

See CEQ Guidelines, 40 CFR § 1500.6(d)(1).

[Footnote 26]

The CEQ, on whose opposition to the impact statement appellees heavily rely, apparently recognizing the wisdom of exploring the underlying rate structure in a proceeding commenced expressly for that purpose, acquiesced in consideration of these issues in the context of Ex parte 270, provided only that the ICC suspend the increases on recyclables in the interim. The CEQ overlooked, however, the fact that the ICC was wholly without power to do this.

[Footnote 27]

Apparently recognizing that the ICC's terminating of Ex parte 281 did not terminate its consideration of environmental issues relating to its rate structure and the consequent pointlessness of forcing the ICC to duplicate its efforts in the context of Ex parte 281, all of the appellees except NARI have filed suggestions of mootness. The case is not moot. The situation is not substantially different than it was at the time of the lower court's decision, and the ICC is under an order to prepare a new impact statement in Ex parte 281 and to hold hearings in Ex parte 281 and to write a final report in Ex parte 281 after the hearings. The ICC has not yet done so, and claims that it should not be required to do so. NARI claims that it should be required to do so. We must decide who is right. However, we agree with the thrust of the suggestions of mootness that the relief granted below was not in the best interests of anyone.

[Footnote 28]

A large portion of each of the briefs in these cases is devoted to the question of the proper scope of review by a court of the adequacy of the treatment of environmental issues in an impact statement. Compare, e.g., Lathan v. Brinegar, 506 F.2d 677 (CA9 1974), with City of New York v. United States, 344 F. Supp. 929 (EDNY 1972). However, we need not resolve this question since, in light of the "action" taken, under any standard of review, the ICC gave an adequately "hard look" at environmental matters.

MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, dissenting in part.

I agree with Parts I, II, and III of the Court's opinion that the cases are properly here and that the District Court had jurisdiction over appellees' complaint. On the merits, I would, however, affirm.

This litigation presents a history of foot dragging by the ICC, as other parties to proceedings before it, including other federal agencies, have attempted to prod it into compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The "final impact statement" that the Court holds adequate presents a melange of statistics that purport to show that an increase on the transportation rates of recyclable materials will not have a significant adverse impact on the environment. The Commission's "analysis" has been thoroughly discredited by the comments of other federal agencies, including not only the Environmental Protection Agency and the Council on Environmental Quality, whose principal concerns are environmental, but also the Department of Commerce and the General Services Administration. The Commission has responded to the adverse comments by papering over the defects they identify, rather than dealing with the substance of the deficiencies.

The environmental effects at stake are described in my opinion when the case was here before. United States v. SCRAP, 412 U. S. 669, 412 U. S. 699-714 (1973). Appellees oppose increases on the rates for recyclables because increases in transportation costs will retard the use of recycled

Page 422 U. S. 329

products, and thereby contribute to further depletion of our natural resources. The Commission responded initially by asserting that an increase in transportation charges would have no effect upon the demand for scrap materials, and cited in support of this proposition statistics showing that, during a multi-year period when freight rates were rising, prices of recyclables fluctuated widely, and consumption generally increased. See Increased Freight Rates and Charges, 1972, 341 I.C.C. 288, 397-402 (1972). The fallacy of the Commission's argument was exposed by the Council on Environmental Quality, commenting on the price of and demand for ferrous metal scrap:

"[S]crap prices are determined by a number of factors operating simultaneously; among them are the aggregate demand for steel, the price and transportation costs of iron ore, the supply of scrap, as well as the transportation cost of scrap and other factors. It would be surprising indeed if, in light of the number of factors constantly at work in the scrap market, a close and simple relationship existed between scrap price movements and freight rate changes."

"Nor does data which shows a constantly growing consumption of scrap despite rate increases prove that freight rate decisions are inconsequential. Growth might have been materially higher or lower had . . . rate decisions been different. What is needed in each instance is a multi-variate analysis to isolate the effect of transportation costs on scrap prices and the quantity consumed. [Footnote 2/1]"

Yet the Commission persisted in these assertions, and it failed to make the price sensitivity studies the Council

Page 422 U. S. 330

recommended. See Ex parte No. 281, Increased Freight Rates and Charges, 1972, 346 I.C.C. 88, 145-149 (1973).

Appellees also argued to the Commission that the rate increases for recyclables exacerbated an existing discrimination against these materials in the rate structure. The Commission expressed doubt that any unjustified discrimination existed, arguing that any disparity was probably attributable to differing costs. But a Department of Transportation Study cited in the presentation made by the Environmental Protection Agency had concluded that ratios of revenue to cost were higher for certain recyclable commodities than for their virgin substitutes, causing the former to bear more than their "share" of the cost of service. The Commission's own statistics supported this conclusion to some extent. Comparing the revenue-cost ratios for ferrous scrap and for iron ore, the Commission found that the scrap bore the lesser share of variable costs, but a greater share of all costs -- fixed and variable -- than did ore. Id. at 124. The Commission did not inquire further into this disparity.

The Court implicitly concedes the shortcomings of the Commission's analysis, relying, as the Commission did, on the prospect that the environmental issues would receive further study in Ex parte 270, a proceeding initiated to investigate the entire freight rate structure. But NEPA commands an agency to consider environmental effects before it takes a "major federal action," not to relegate consideration to further proceedings after action is taken, particularly where there is no assurance that a prompt conclusion will be forthcoming. When the Commission terminated its proceedings in Ex parte 281, Ex parte 270 had been in progress for more than two years. The scope of the investigation had not been fully defined at that time, and the prospect of any

Page 422 U. S. 331

prompt illumination of the environmental issues was certainly remote. The Commission took no particular steps to expedite completion of that phase of the investigation that would embrace the environmental issues controverted in Ex parte 281. Instead, the Commission was content to put aside these issues, offering a vague assurance that they would be taken up again in the course of what promised to be a protracted proceeding. Today, nearly two years later, we are not apprised of any conclusions as to environmental issues reached as a result of Ex parte 270; we do not even know whether a completion date is in sight. Meanwhile, environmental damage -- irreversible damage -- which appellees alleged with considerable supporting evidence may be continuing, with its magnitude unknown.

NEPA is more than a technical statute of administrative procedure. It is a commitment to the preservation of our natural environment. The statute's language conveys the urgency of that task. The District Court acted responsibly when it refused to accept the Commission's representations that a complete treatment of the environmental issues was beyond its capability, and therefore should not be required. One purpose of NEPA was to force agencies to acquire expertise in environmental matters, even if attention to parochial matters in the past had not demanded this capability. [Footnote 2/2]

The Court today excuses the Commission's performance. The District Court, following the spirit of NEPA, told the Commission to do better. I would affirm its judgment.

[Footnote 2/1]

Attachment to letter from Russell E. Train, Chairman of Council on Environmental Quality, to ICC, Oct. 30, 1972. App. 572.

[Footnote 2/2]

Section 102(2)(A) of NEPA requires all agencies to

"utilize a systematic, interdisciplinary approach which will insure the integrated use of the natural and social sciences and the environmental design arts in planning and in decisionmaking which may have an impact on man's environment."

42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(A). (Emphasis added.)