Fuller v. Alaska, 393 U.S. 80 (1968)

U.S. Supreme Court

Fuller v. Alaska, 393 U.S. 80 (1968) Fuller v. Alaska

No. 249

Decided October 28, 1968

393 U.S. 80

ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE

SUPREME COURT OF ALASKA

Syllabus

Lee v. Florida, 392 U. S. 378, which held inadmissible in state criminal trials evidence violative of § 605 of the Federal Communications Act, is to be applied only to trials in which such evidence is sought to be introduced after the date of that decision. Certiorari granted; 437 P.2d 772, affirmed.

PER CURIAM.

Petitioner was convicted of shooting with intent to kill or wound and was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Over petitioner's objection that it was obtained in violation of § 605 of the Federal Communications Act, 48 Stat. 1103, 47 U.S.C. § 605, the prosecution introduced in evidence a telegram allegedly sent by petitioner to an accomplice. The Supreme Court of Alaska affirmed, holding that it did not need to decide whether § 605 had actually been violated, since the evidence was, in any event, admissible in state trials under Schwartz v. Texas, 344 U. S. 199.

In Lee v. Florida, 392 U. S. 378, we overruled Schwartz v. Texas, and held that evidence violative of § 605 is not admissible in state criminal trials. The decision of the Alaska Supreme Court cannot stand, therefore, if Lee is to be applied retroactively. We hold, however, that the exclusionary rule of Lee is to be given prospective application, and, accordingly, we affirm.

Page 393 U. S. 81

Prospective application of Lee is supported by all of the considerations outlined in Stovall v. Denno, 388 U. S. 293, 388 U. S. 297. [Footnote 1] The purpose of Lee was in no sense to "enhance the reliability of the factfinding process at trial." Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U. S. 719, 384 U. S. 729. Like Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643, Lee was designed to enforce the federal law. [Footnote 2] Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U. S. 618, 381 U. S. 639. And evidence seized in violation of the federal statute is no less relevant and reliable than that seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. Moreover, the States have justifiably relied upon the explicit holding of Schwartz that such evidence was admissible.

Retroactive application of Lee would overturn every state conviction obtained in good faith reliance on Schwartz. Since this result is not required by the principle upon which Lee was decided, or necessary to accomplish its purpose, we hold that the exclusionary rule is to be applied only to trials in which the evidence is sought to be introduced after the date of our decision in Lee.

The petition for a writ of certiorari is granted, and the judgment of the Supreme Court of Alaska is affirmed.

MR. JUSTICE BLACK dissents for the reasons set out in his dissenting opinion in Linkletter v. Walker, 381

Page 393 U. S. 82

U.S. 618, 640. But see his dissent in Lee v. Florida, 392 U. S. 378, 392 U. S. 387.

MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, believing that the rule of Lee v. Florida, 392 U. S. 378, which was applied retroactively in that case, should be applied retroactively in other cases, too, dissents.

[Footnote 1]

These considerations were more recently applied in DeStefano v. Woods, 392 U. S. 631, 392 U. S. 633, in which we concluded that the right to a jury trial in state criminal prosecutions under Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U. S. 145, and Bloom v. Illinois, 391 U. S. 194, was prospective only.

[Footnote 2]

Lee v. Florida, 392 U.S. at 392 U. S. 386-387:

"We conclude, as we concluded in Elkins and in Mapp, that nothing short of mandatory exclusion of the illegal evidence will compel respect for the federal law 'in the only effectively available way -- by removing the incentive to disregard it.' Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. at 364 U. S. 217."