Commissioner v. Connelly, 338 U.S. 258 (1949)

U.S. Supreme Court

Commissioner v. Connelly, 338 U.S. 258 (1949) Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Connelly

No. 57

Argued October 21, 1949

Decided November 7, 1949

338 U.S. 258

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT

Syllabus

A civil service employee of the Coast Guard who was enrolled temporarily during the war as an officer in the Coast Guard Reserve under the Coast Guard Auxiliary and Reserve Act, 14 U.S.C. § 307, but who served without compensation other than that of his civilian position and who performed after enrollment duties identical with those he had previously performed, is not entitled to the $1,500 exclusion from gross income provided by § 22(b)(13)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code in the case of compensation received "for active service as a commissioned officer" in the military or naval forces. Pp. 338 U. S. 258-262.

84 U.S.App.D.C. 260, 172 F.2d 877, reversed.

The Tax Court sustained the Commissioner of Internal Revenue's disallowance of a claim by a taxpayer for exclusion of $1,500 from gross income provided by § 22(b)(13)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code. 8 T.C. 848. The Court of Appeals reversed. 84 U.S.App.D.C. 260, 172 F.2d 877. This Court granted certiorari. 337 U.S. 924. Reversed, p. 338 U. S. 262.

MR. JUSTICE MINTON delivered the opinion of the Court.

The question we have here is whether respondent William I. Connelly, hereafter referred to as the taxpayer, is entitled to the $1,500 exclusion from gross income provided

Page 338 U. S. 259

by § 22(b)(13)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code. [Footnote 1] The taxpayer claimed this additional allowance for the taxable years 1943 and 1944. The Commissioner disallowed the sum deducted. The Tax Court sustained the Commissioner, 8 T.C. 848, and the Court of Appeals reversed, one judge dissenting. 84 U.S.App.D.C. 260, 172, F.2d 877. We granted certiorari. 337 U.S. 924.

On February 19, 1943, taxpayer was a civil service employee in the legal division of the Coast Guard. On that date, he was enrolled as a lieutenant commander within one of the six classifications which constituted the temporary members of the Coast Guard Reserve. [Footnote 2] His enrollment was under authority of the Coast Guard Auxiliary and Reserve Act, which provided for the enrolling of "persons (including Government employees without pay other than the compensation of their civilian positions)." 55 Stat. 12, as amended, 56 Stat. 1021, 14 U.S.C. § 307. On April 24, 1944, he was reenrolled as a commander, and his class was described as "Coast Guard Civil Service Employees."

After enrollment, taxpayer performed duties identical with those which he had previously performed. At the time he was enrolled, his civil service rating was P-5. Later this rating was raised to P-6, and his rank was increased at the same time to that of commander. He received the same pay after enrollment that he had received as a civil service employee. He received overtime pay as a civil service employee, deductions were made from

Page 338 U. S. 260

his pay for civil service retirement, and he was subject to civil service regulations as to annual and sick leave. If he had been injured or killed, he would have received benefits as a civil employee of the United States. He was still subject to the Selective Training and Service Act. In the case of sickness or disease contracted while on active duty, taxpayer was entitled to the same hospital and medical care as members of the regular Coast Guard, but dental care was not included. While on active duty, he was required to wear the uniform of, and he received the courtesies due, his rank. He was subject to the laws, regulations, and orders of the Coast Guard, and to disciplinary action.

It is apparent that taxpayer had a dual status. He had a limited military status with the rank of lieutenant commander, and later that of commander. He had also the status of a civil service employee, carefully so limited and with all the privileges incident to such status. He was given just enough military status to enable him effectively to carry out his duties. All considerations of an economic character pertaining to his employment by the Government were related to his civil service status.

In Mitchell v. Cohen, 333 U. S. 411, we held that one employed in a department of the Federal Government as a civil service employee who was enrolled temporarily in the Volunteer Port Security Force of the Coast Guard Reserve and who worked part-time as a reservist without pay was not an "ex-serviceman" within the meaning of the Veterans' Preference Act. Looking to the legislative history of that statute, we found that the overshadowing purpose of the Act was to favor those who had a real record of military service.

The Court of Appeals found in this case that, by the application of "long established criteria -- oath of office, military duty, and subjection to military discipline," taxpayer had acquired a military status, and was thus entitled to the exclusion. We agree that he had a military status

Page 338 U. S. 261

for some purposes. But the question for tax purposes is whether he received his pay in that status. To come within § 22(b)(13)(A), he must have received his compensation "for active service as a commissioned officer." We understand this to mean that, if taxpayer received his pay as a commissioned officer, he would be entitled to the exclusion. It seems equally plain that, if he received his pay as a civil service employee and served without military pay and allowances, he is not entitled to the claimed exclusion. [Footnote 3] As in the Cohen case, the emphasis of the statute is on a military, and not on a civilian, status.

And it is clear that taxpayer received his compensation in a civilian status. As noted, § 307 of the Coast Guard Auxiliary and Reserve Act provided for the enrolling of "persons (including Government employees without pay other than the compensation of their civilian positions)." The Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries referred to the amendment by which the parenthetical phrase was added to the statute as being

"advisable to clarify this authority [enrollment of temporary members without the pay of their military rank] and resolve any doubt of its applicability to Government employees by specifically providing for temporary membership in the Coast Guard Reserve of Government employees without military pay but with continuance in their civilian positions and the receipt of the compensation thereof. [Footnote 4]"

From the date of the enactment of the enrollment statute, there seems to have been no deviation from the view

Page 338 U. S. 262

that the taxpayer was to be paid as a civil service employee, and not as a commissioned officer. His pay came from congressional appropriations allocated to civilian positions. His pay was at the civil service scale for his grade, with overtime pay and appropriate deductions for civil service retirement. His continuing civilian status is underlined by his receipt of a civil service promotion, from which his military promotion resulted. Indeed, the taxpayer's certificate of disenrollment described the duty performed as

"Chief of Admiralty and Maritime Section having civil service status, receiving civilian but no military pay, and holding rank of Commander as a Temporary Member of the Coast Guard Reserve."

The Court of Appeals ignored the status in which taxpayer was compensated and gave effect to his military status which was provided only to facilitate the performance of his duties in wartime. [Footnote 5] Taxpayer's rank was for the purpose of getting the job done, and not for the purpose of receiving compensation.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is

Reversed.

MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER and MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

[Footnote 1]

As amended by Revenue Act of 1945, § 141(a), 59 Stat. 571:

"(13) Additional allowance for military and naval personnel."

"(A) In the case of compensation received . . . for active service as a commissioned officer . . . in the military or naval forces of the United States . . . , so much of such compensation as does not exceed $1,500."

[Footnote 2]

These classifications and the organization of the Coast Guard Reserve are detailed in Mitchell v. Cohen, 333 U. S. 411, 333 U. S. 412-414.

[Footnote 3]

See Judge Edgerton, dissenting in part, below:

". . . I would be unable, in view of the rule that tax exemptions are strictly construed, to say that the compensation of a man who did not receive a commissioned officer's pay, but served 'without pay other than the compensation of [his] civilian positions' was 'received . . . for active service as a commissioned officer.' 84 U.S.App.D.C. at 263, 172 F.2d at 880."

[Footnote 4]

H.R.Rep. No. 2525, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., 3 (1942). The Committee added that the amendment

"would obviate any possible impairment of the right of such employees to continue to receive the compensation of their civilian positions for the entire period of their performance of active Coast Guard duty as such temporary members. There will be little, if any, change in the nature of their duties after enrollment."

[Footnote 5]

Office Memorandum No. 13-43 issued by the Commandant of the Coast Guard on July 24, 1943, states:

"6. The attention of heads of offices and chiefs of divisions is invited to the fact that one of the principal reasons for the induction of civil service employees into the military establishment as temporary members of the Reserve was to obtain a homogeneous organization on a military basis and to eliminate differences in procedure and practices applicable to military personnel and civil service personnel engaged on exactly the same duty. . . ."