Delaware, L. & W. R. Co. v. Koske, 279 U.S. 7 (1929)

U.S. Supreme Court

Delaware, L. & W. R. Co. v. Koske, 279 U.S. 7 (1929) Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company v. Koske

No. 219

Argued January 17, 1929

Decided February 18, 1929

279 U.S. 7

CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF ERRORS

AND APPEALS OF NEW JERSEY

Syllabus

1. A case under the Employers' Liability Act that was tried in the courts below upon the theory that the place of the accident was a certain ditch in a railway yard, as to which it was adjudged

Page 279 U. S. 8

that the railroad company was negligent and that the plaintiff had not assumed the risk, cannot be reviewed upon the theory that the place may have been some other depression or hole in the yard of the existence of which no finding is warranted by the evidence. P. 279 U. S. 9.

2. A railway employee, alighting in the dark from an engine in a railway yard in the course of his employment fell into a shallow ditch near the track which had long been maintained there for drainage purpose and with the location and condition of which he had long been familiar. In an action under the Federal Employers' Liability Act for resulting injuries, held:

(1) That the railway company was not proven to have been guilty of any breach of duty owed the employee either in adopting and maintaining the ditch, rather than some other method of drainage, or in respect of its condition at the time and place in question. P. 279 U. S. 11.

(2) That, as a matter of law, the employee had assumed the risk, and the company was entitled to a directed verdict. P. 279 U. S. 12.

3. The fact that sunrise occurs considerably before seven o'clock during some weeks immediately before June 4th may be judicially noticed. P. 279 U. S. 12.

104 N.J.L. 627 reversed.

Certiorari, 278 U.S. 586, to a judgment of the Court of Errors and Appeals of New Jersey affirming a recovery of damages in an action under the Federal Employers' Liability Act.

MR. JUSTICE BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.

Respondent sued petitioner under the Federal Employers' Liability Act in the Circuit Court of Hudson County, New Jersey, to recover damages for injuries sustained by him while in the service of petitioner. At the close of the evidence, defendant moved the court to direct a verdict in

Page 279 U. S. 9

its favor on the grounds that the evidence was not sufficient to warrant a finding of negligence on the part of defendant and that it conclusively appeared that plaintiff assumed the risk of the accident and injury complained of. The motion was denied, there was a verdict for plaintiff, and the judgment entered thereon was affirmed by the highest court of the state.

Plaintiff was employed in defendant's roundhouse and coal chute yard at Hoboken. The complaint alleged that defendant negligently "permitted an open, uncovered, and unlighted and dangerous hole to exist between certain parts of said tracks," that plaintiff was there employed at 4 o'clock in the morning of June 4, 1925, and, "while alighting from an engine in the course of his said employment, fell into said opening" and was injured.

Plaintiff's work was to put sand into the boxes on engines and to turn switches for them. During 11 years, he worked nights from 9 o'clock in the evening until 7 in the morning, and for one year, about 5 years before the accident, he worked in the daytime. He was familiar with the tracks and ground in the yard. Throughout the period of his employment, the yard was drained by a shallow open ditch or trench. This depression varied in depth from 8 to 11 inches and in width from 8 to 24 inches. It passed between ties under the tracks and, at a place not far from the coal chute, it extended a short distance longitudinally between the tracks. During all the time that plaintiff worked there the drain or ditch was in the same place and was maintained in the same condition as it was at the time of the accident.

The case was tried, the jury charged, and the judgment given and affirmed upon the understanding that the place where plaintiff fell was a part of the above-mentioned longitudinal section of the drain. Nevertheless, plaintiff here suggests that it is not certain that the hole complained

Page 279 U. S. 10

of was a part of the trench. But, as it was in respect of the ditch or drain that defendant was found negligent, and plaintiff was held not to have assumed the risk, and as that only was considered by the lower courts, the judgment cannot be affirmed on the theory that plaintiff was not injured there, but at another place.

Three or four days after the accident, plaintiff went to the yard to get his pay, and then told the coal chute foreman of the accident, saying he "fell down in the ditch somewhere off an engine." He also indicated to the roundhouse foreman not the exact spot, but the vicinity of the place where he claimed to have been injured. The part of the yard so pointed out includes the section of the drain here in question.

In his testimony, plaintiff described the accident in substance as follows: he went upon an engine standing near the roundhouse and rode it to a point about 60 feet from the coal chute, where it stopped near a switch he intended to turn. The engine step was between 3 and 4 feet above the general level of the ground between the tracks. He said he jumped from the engine and "just struck a certain hole;" that there was coal or stone in the hole; "there was something there very hard;" that he immediately became unconscious, and did not know what happened, or who took him "out of that hole, or how they took" him. He also said that he did not know about the hole before he jumped; that it was so dark that he could not see the hole; that he thought everything was level, and did not expect the hole to be in that place. There is nothing to support a finding that there was then any hole or depression in the yard other than the open drain.

The Federal Employers' Liability Act permits recovery upon the basis of negligence only. The carrier is not liable to its employees because of any defect or insufficiency in plant or equipment that is not attributable to negligence.

Page 279 U. S. 11

The burden was on plaintiff to adduce reasonable evidence to show a breach of duty owed by defendant to him in respect of the place where he was injured, and that, in whole or in part, his injuries resulted proximately therefrom. And, except as provided in § 4 of the Act, the employee assumes the ordinary risks of his employment, and, when obvious or fully known and appreciated, he assumes the extraordinary risks and those due to negligence of his employer and fellow employees. Seaboard Air Line Ry. v. Horton, 233 U. S. 492, 233 U. S. 501; St. Louis, etc., Ry. v. Mills, 271 U. S. 344; Northern Ry. Co. v. Page, 274 U. S. 65, 274 U. S. 75.

The record contains no description of the place where plaintiff was injured other than that above referred to. Fault or negligence may not be found from the mere existence of the drain and the happening of the accident. The measure of duty owed by defendant to plaintiff was reasonable or ordinary care having regard to the circumstances. Patton v. Texas & Pacific Railway Co., 179 U. S. 658, 179 U. S. 664. There is no evidence that the open drain was not suitable or appropriate for the purpose for which it was maintained, or that there was in use by defendant or other carriers any means for the drainage of railroad yards which involve less of danger to switchmen and others employed therein. Defendant was not bound to maintain its yard in the best or safest condition; it had much freedom in the selection of methods to drain its yard and in the choice of facilities and places for the use of its employees. Courts will not prescribe standards in respect of such matters, or leave engineering questions such as are involved in the construction and maintenance of railroad yards and the drainage systems therein to the uncertain and varying judgment of juries. Toledo, St.L. & W. R. Co. v. Allen, 276 U. S. 165, 276 U. S. 170. The evidence is not sufficient to warrant a finding that defendant was guilty of any breach of duty owed to plaintiff in respect

Page 279 U. S. 12

of the method employed or the condition of the drain at the time and place in question. Nelson v. Southern Ry. Co., 246 U. S. 253; Missouri Pacific Railroad Co. v. Aeby, 275 U. S. 426.

The court takes judicial notice of the fact that, for some weeks immediately before the accident, the sun rose and it was light for some time before plaintiff's quitting hour. Montenes v. Metropolitan Street R. Co., 77 App.Div. 493. He worked in daylight for some time every morning during the spring and summer months, and during one year, he worked days. There was nothing obscure or of recent origin about the place where he was injured. The conditions were constant, and of longstanding. The evidence requires a finding that he had long known the location of the drain and its condition at the place in question. The dangers attending jumping from engines in the vicinity of the drain, especially in the dark, were obvious. Plaintiff must be held to have fully understood and appreciated the risk.

It was the duty of the judge presiding at the trial to direct the jury to return a verdict in favor of the defendant. Butler v. Frazee, 211 U. S. 459, 211 U. S. 467.

Judgment reversed.