1. A decision of a state court denying an objection to
jurisdiction based on a federal regulation, upon the ground that
the objection was waived by the appearance of the party making it,
is reexaminable by this Court. P.
263 U. S.
24.
2. Where the Director General of Railroads, being sued upon a
cause of action for personal injuries in a state court whose
practice permitted uniting a plea to the jurisdiction with a
defense on the merits, pleaded a general denial and also that the
court was without jurisdiction because the action was not brought
in the proper county as required by a federal regulation governing
the place for suits against carriers while under federal control,
and his successors, designated by the President under the
Transportation Act, 1920, successively entered appearance and
adopted the answer theretofore filed,
held that a decision
of the state court, treating the objection to the jurisdiction as
going to the venue of the cause and as waived by the appearances,
could not be sustained as a decision disposing of the case on a
local ground independent of the federal question raised.
Id.
3. The Transportation Act, 1920, § 206, (a), (d), does not
invalidate a defense good when it was passed. P.
263 U. S. 25.
209 Mo.App 570 reversed.
Certiorari to a judgment of the Kansas City Court of Appeals
(the Supreme Court of Missouri having declined to review) awarding
damages to the plaintiff Wechsler for personal injuries suffered
upon a railroad while it was under federal control.
Page 263 U. S. 23
MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is a suit for personal injuries suffered by the plaintiff
(the respondent here) upon the Chicago Great Western Railroad on
January 3, 1920, while that road was under federal control. The
suit was brought against Walker D. Hines, the Director General, on
January 29, 1920, in the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri.
The cause of action arose in another county, and the plaintiff then
and when the suit was brought resided in Illinois. By General Order
18-A, it was ordered that
"all suits against carriers while under federal control must be
brought in the county or district where the plaintiff resided at
the time of the accrual of the cause of action or in the county or
district where the cause of action arose."
The defendant pleaded a general denial and also that the court
was without jurisdiction because of the foregoing facts. The
plaintiff, by replication, relied upon the invalidity of the order,
a point now decided against him.
Alabama & Vicksburg Ry.
Co. v. Journey, 257 U. S. 111. On
February 25, 1921, the plaintiff amended, and John Barton Payne,
Director General of Railroads and agent designated by the President
under Transportation Act, 1920, was substituted by agreement as
successor of Hines and, according to the record, the "substituted
defendant entered his appearance in said cause and adopted the
answer theretofore filed by said Walker D. Hines, defendant." It
was not disputed, and was stated
Page 263 U. S. 24
by the Court below, that, by Missouri practice, the defendant
had a right to unite a plea to the jurisdiction and a defence on
the merits, but it was held by the court of appeals, affirming a
judgment for the plaintiff, that the provision in General Order
18-A went only to the venue of the action, and was waived by the
appearance of Payne. A similar effect was attributed to the
appearance of the present petitioner, Davis, in the place of Payne.
A writ of certiorari was denied by the supreme court of the
state.
We are of opinion that the judgment must be reversed. Whatever
springes the state may set for those who are endeavoring to assert
rights that the state confers, the assertion of federal rights,
when plainly and reasonably made, is not to be defeated under the
name of local practice. Even if the order went only to the venue,
and not to the jurisdiction, of the court, each Director General in
turn plainly indicated that he meant to adopt the position of his
predecessor, and to insist that the suit was brought in the wrong
county. His lawful insistence cannot be evaded by attempting a
distinction between his appearance and his substantially
contemporaneous adoption of the plea. Indeed, when the law requires
him to unite his defense on the merits, which imports an appearance
pro hac vice, with his preliminary plea, it is hard to
understand how any effect could be attributed to the statement that
he appeared. The state courts may deal with that as they think
proper in local matters, but they cannot treat it as defeating a
plain assertion of federal right. The principle is general and
necessary.
Ward v. Love County, 253 U. S.
17,
253 U. S. 22. If
the Constitution and laws of the United States are to be enforced,
this Court cannot accept as final the decision of the state
tribunal as to what are the facts alleged to give rise to the right
or to bar the assertion of it, even upon local grounds.
Creswill v. Grand Lodge
Knights of
Page 263 U. S. 25
Pythias, 225 U. S. 246.
This is familiar as to the substantive law, and, for the same
reasons, it is necessary to see that local practice shall not be
allowed to put unreasonable obstacles in the way.
See American
Ry. Express Co. v. Levee, ante, 263 U. S. 19.
The Transportation Act of 1920, February 28, 1920, c. 91, §
206, (a) and (d), 41 Stat. 456, 461, 462, in no way invalidates a
defense good when it was passed.
Judgment reversed.
