Newark v. New Jersey, 262 U.S. 192 (1923)

U.S. Supreme Court

Newark v. New Jersey, 262 U.S. 192 (1923) Newark v. New Jersey

No. 469

Argued March 2, 1923

Decided May 7, 1923

262 U.S. 192

ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT

OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY

Syllabus

1. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment cannot be invoked by a city against its state. P. 262 U. S. 196. Trenton v. New Jersey, ante, 262 U. S. 182.

2. So held where it was claimed that the method adopted in c. 252, Laws of New Jersey, 1907, for fixing maximum amounts of water divertible without payment of license fees to the state, worked

Page 262 U. S. 193

arbitrary discriminations prejudicial to the City of Newark. P. 262 U. S. 195.

Writ of error to review 117 A. 158 dismissed.

Error to a judgment of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, affirmed by the Court of Errors and Appeals, in favor of the state in its action to recover license fees from the City of Newark for water diverted from the Pequannock River.

MR. JUSTICE BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.

The State of New Jersey recovered judgment against the City of Newark for $18,104.08 and costs in an action brought in the state supreme court. The judgment was affirmed by the Court of Errors and Appeals, and the case is here on writ of error. It is based on a state enactment which is attacked on the sole ground that it violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The state's right to recover depends upon the validity of an enactment of the state (c. 252, Laws of 1907) which is sufficiently set forth in the decision of this Court, ante, 262 U. S. 182, handed down on this day.

In East Jersey Water Co. v. Board of Conservation & Development, 91 N.J.Law 448, 453, it is said:

"The statute requires payment 'for all such water hereafter diverted in excess of the amount now being legally diverted,' with the proviso that no payment be required until the legal diversion shall exceed one hundred

Page 262 U. S. 194

gallons per day per capita. We are of opinion that 'legally diverted' means not a future diversion, but one now being exercised under a legal right, and that, under this statute, a legal abstractor may take what he was diverting in 1907, and, if that did not reach the statutory maximum of exemption, as much more as is required to make the total diversion one hundred gallons per day per capita for each of the municipalities supplied, without payment of the license fee."

"If, in 1907, the daily diversion exceeded one hundred gallons per capita, the amount then diverted, if lawful, may be taken without payment, and if it was less, no license fee can be imposed until it exceeds the statutory quantity."

The complaint alleged that, under the provisions of this act, the city was

"permitted to divert . . . an average daily free allowance of water to the amount of 36,241,666 gallons, the said last mentioned amount being the amount of water which was being diverted by said municipality on June 17th aforesaid, the date when the act aforesaid became effective and operative,"

and claimed, for each of the years subsequent to July 1, 1914, a license fee of $1 per million gallons for the excess of the daily average diversion of water over the quantity above specified. The answer alleged that, prior to the passage of the Act of 1907, the city had acquired a plant capable of furnishing 50,000,000 gallons of water per day, and set up certain separate defenses. At the trial, the court, on motion of the state, struck out the separate defenses; the facts were not in controversy, and judgment was given for the amount claimed. About the same time, the state also recovered judgment against the City of Trenton for the license fee imposed by the same act. Both cases were taken to the Court of Errors and Appeals, the highest court of the state, and there, by one decision, the judgments were affirmed. 117 A. 158. That court said:

Page 262 U. S. 195

"The facts are not in dispute. It is conceded that the City of Trenton, at the time of the enactment of the Act of 1907, was taking from the Delaware River daily 14,200,000 gallons of water for local use, and that the City of Newark was daily extracting from the Pequannock River 36,241,666 gallons for local use. These diversions represent the ante-statutory flowage, and are considered by the state under the eighth section of the Act of 1907 to be nontaxable."

To establish its contention that § 8 of the enactment in question so discriminates between those authorized to divert water that it violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the city says that the highest court has in this case construed the words "now being legally diverted" to mean the amount of water which was actually diverted on the day when the act went into effect, namely, June 17, 1907; that, had the city flowed into its mains 50,000,000 gallons that day, the tax would have been levied only upon the excess over that amount, and, on the facts shown in the complaint, there would have been no tax in the years above referred to; that the purely accidental figure of 36,241,666 gallons, the amount actually diverted on that day, will for all time be the basis of the assessment of the tax upon the city. It is suggested that cities less populous by one-half than Newark, but owning plants far in excess of their needs, might have diverted on June 17, 1907, twice the amount of water which the City of Newark diverted, and that a city twice as large might have diverted half as much, and the former of such cities would thereby have procured an almost perpetual exemption, and the latter would have brought on itself an insupportable burden of indefinite duration, and that accidents of climate, of conflagrations, and of breaks in the mains on the critical date, June 17, 1907, would have resulted in increasing the exemption.

Page 262 U. S. 196

The enforcement by the state of the provision of the act imposing upon the city the specified annual payments for such diversion of water does not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The regulation of municipalities is a matter peculiarly within the domain of the state. In Trenton v. New Jersey, decided this day, ante, 262 U. S. 182, it is held that the imposition of the license fee specified in this act is not a taking of property of that city in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The reasons supporting that conclusion apply here. The city cannot invoke the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment against the state. * Considering the former opinions of this Court, there is no substantial federal question in the case.

The writ of error is dismissed.

* Cf. Williams v. Eggleston, 170 U. S. 304, 170 U. S. 310; Mason v. Missouri, 179 U. S. 328, 179 U. S. 335.