Ramapo Water Co. v. City of New York, 236 U.S. 579 (1915)

U.S. Supreme Court

Ramapo Water Co. v. City of New York, 236 U.S. 579 (1915) Ramapo Water Co. v. City of New York

No. 715

Argued February 24, 1915

Decided March 8, 1915

236 U.S. 579

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

Syllabus

Where the constitution of the state reserves the right so to do, the charter of a corporation may be repealed without impairing the obligations of a contract. Calder v. Michigan, 218 U. S. 591.

In the absence of a specific decision of the highest court of the state to that effect, this Court will not construe a statute authorizing a water supply corporation to exercise eminent domain under the provisions of the Railroad Act as giving to that corporation a vested right to exclude the rest of the world from whatever watersheds it chooses for an unlimited period and one that cannot be impaired by subsequent legislation simply by filing a map.

The Railroad Act of New York requires a corporation intending to exercise eminent domain not only to file maps of the property to be taken, but also to file written notice to the occupants thereof, and the mere filing of the map does not create rights against the state.

The legislation of the State of New York of 1905 empowering the City of New York to acquire lands for its new water supply is not unconstitutional as impairing the obligation of the contract of the charter rights of the plaintiff in error in this case or depriving it of its property without due process of law under the act authorizing

Page 236 U. S. 580

it to acquire property in the same watershed under the provisions of the Railroad Act, it appearing that no proceedings for such acquisition had ever been taken beyond the filing of a map.

The facts, which involve the constitutionality under the impairment of obligation and due process clauses of the federal Constitution of legislation of the State of New York in regard to the new water supply for the City of New York, are stated in the opinion.

Page 236 U. S. 581

MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is a bill in equity to restrain the City of New York and the Board of Water Supply from proceeding further with the enterprise upon which they already had spent over one hundred and twenty-nine millions of dollars in order to provide the city with a supply of water. The ground is as follows:

The plaintiff (appellant) originally was incorporated under a general act, in 1887, for the purpose of storing and supplying water for mining, domestic, manufacturing, municipal, and agricultural purposes to cities, other corporations, and persons. By virtue of other statutes, it had the right to acquire title to land and water for its

Page 236 U. S. 582

corporate purposes in the manner specified by the General Railroad Act, c. 140, Laws of 1850, and it spent money, had surveys made, filed some maps, and acquired options for the purchase of real estate in pursuance of the ends for which it was formed.

In 1890, the laws under which the plaintiff was incorporated were repealed, but thereafter c. 985 of the Laws of 1895 reiterated the grant of the powers specified in the charter, and authorized the corporation to acquire "in the same manner specified and required in" the above-mentioned Railroad Act

"such lands and waters along the watershed of the Ramapo, and along such other watersheds and their tributaries, as may be suitable for the purpose of accumulating and storing the waters thereof."

The corporation is to make a map of the route adopted and the land to be taken, and file the same in the office of the clerk of the county through which the route runs or in which the land is situate. It is to give written notice to all occupants of lands so designated, and the occupants and owners are given time to apply for the appointment of commissioners, by a petition stating the objections to the route designated and the route to which it is proposed to alter the same, with elaborate provisions for notice and hearing and appeal to the supreme court, which "may affirm the route proposed by the corporation, or may adopt that proposed by the petitioner." Under this act, the corporation filed maps covering substantially the whole of the drainage areas or watersheds of the Esopus, Cataskill, Schoharie, and Rondout Creeks about a thousand square miles (being the same lands that the city now has taken), acquired options for purchase of land, and spent large sums.

Before this time, it is alleged, the courts of New York had declared that the filing of maps under the Railroad Law of New York gave to the corporation filing them a vested right to the exclusive use of the lands covered by

Page 236 U. S. 583

the maps. The plaintiff, in 1898, made an offer to the City of New York to furnish it with water from the region in question, but, pending investigation by the city, in 1901, the Act of 1895, giving the plaintiff its rights, was repealed by an act alleged to be unconstitutional and void. In 1905, the city was empowered itself to acquire new water supplies, machinery was provided to that end, and the city has gone ahead as we have stated, without regard to the plaintiff's alleged rights. The plaintiff sets up that the laws under which the city acts impair the obligation of contracts between it and the state, and take its property without due process of law, contrary to Article I, § 10, and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. An answer was filed, but the defendants also moved to dismiss for want of jurisdiction on the ground that all the parties were citizens of New York, and that the case involved no question under the Constitution. The district court, being of opinion that the bill disclosed no such rights as the plaintiff claimed, and therefore showed no real constitutional ground, dismissed the bill.

The plaintiff's argument, while admitting that it must appear that there is a substantial question under the Constitution, and that the formal averment of such a question is not enough, makes a rather useless attack upon the application of that principle in Underground Railroad v. New York, 193 U. S. 416. If it is apparent that the bill is groundless, it does not matter very much whether the dismissal purports to be for want of jurisdiction or on the merits. But we are of opinion that the groundlessness of the bill is so obvious that it fairly may be said that no substantial constitutional question appears.

The charter of the company, of course, could be repealed without impairing the obligation of a contract, as the right was reserved, as usual, in the constitution of the state. Calder v. Michigan, 218 U. S. 591. The only matter deserving

Page 236 U. S. 584

a word is the claim that, by filing the maps, the corporation gained rights that survive. As to that, in the first place, it would require stronger language than any that is found in the Act of 1895 to lead us to believe that the legislature meant that the rights conferred with regard to routes should be extended over any or all of the watersheds in the state of which the plaintiff might see fit to file a map. The direction to file a map of the route adopted and the land to be taken, coupled with the other provisions that we have recited, appears to us to have in view the route and the land needed for the route, and only that, not the thousand square miles that the plaintiff claims. In the next place, the plaintiff had given no notice to anybody, and notice to occupants of the land is a condition to the existence of any right. And finally, it is held in New York and affirmed by this Court that no such right, even for the route of a railroad, is created as against the state by the filing of a map. People v. Adirondack Ry., 160 N.Y. 225, 242-247; 176 U. S. 176 U.S. 335, 176 U. S. 346. Underground R. Co. v. New York, 193 U. S. 416, 193 U. S. 428.

We appreciate the argument that, although the corporation may have had no lien on the land or right as against the sovereign power, it had a right as against all subordinate bodies to exclude them from the lands of its choice, that the decisions had declared this right to be vested and indestructible except by legitimate exercise of the power of eminent domain, that it had spent money and taken action on the faith of them, and that a later decision cannot take away the right. But the cases relied upon are too remote for the confident application of that doctrine if there were no other objections to it. They concern the effect of filing a map of a railroad route, and only when coupled with notice to the landowners concerned. We should be more inclined to follow Sauer v. New York, 206 U. S. 536; Moore-Mansfield Construction Co. v. Electrical Installation Co., 234 U. S. 619, 234 U. S. 626. Willoughby

Page 236 U. S. 585

v. Chicago, 235 U. S. 45. But, as we have said, nothing short of a specific decision of the Court of Appeals would make us believe that the Act of 1895 gave to the plaintiff, without notice to landowners or other preliminary, a vested right, seemingly unlimited in time, to exclude the rest of the world from whatever watersheds it chose simply by filing a map.

Decree affirmed.