Mullen v. Simmons, 234 U.S. 192 (1914)

U.S. Supreme Court

Mullen v. Simmons, 234 U.S. 192 (1914) Mullen v. Simmons

No. 263

Submitted May 11, 1914

Decided June 8, 1914

234 U.S. 192

ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT

OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA

Syllabus

The policy of Congress in regard to restrictions upon alienation of allotments has been to protect Indians against their own improvidence, whether shown by acts of commission or omission, contracts or torts.

The prohibition contained in § 15 of the Act of July 1, 1902, as to affecting or encumbering allotments made under the act by deeds, debts, or obligations contracted prior to the termination of period of restriction on alienation applies to a judgment entered against an allottee, whether based on a tort or on a contract.

A tort may be a breach of a mere legal duty or a consequence of negligent conduct, and a confessed judgment based on a prearranged tort might hecome an easy means of circumventing the policy of the statutes restricting alienation of Indian allotments if alienation could be effected by levy and sale under such a judgment.

33 Okl. 184 reversed.

The facts, which involve the construction of the provisions of the Act of July 1, 1902, affecting alienation of

Page 234 U. S. 193

allottee lands, and the effect of judgments against the allottee, are stated in the opinion.

Page 234 U. S. 195

MR. JUSTICE McKENNA delivered the opinion of the Court.

Plaintiff in error brought suit in the district court in and for the Seventh Judicial District, Johnston county, State of Oklahoma, to restrain defendant in error, who was defendant in the trial court, from selling under execution issued upon a judgment obtained against one F. A. Bonner certain lands, which are described, belonging to plaintiff in error. He was plaintiff in the action, and we will so refer to him. Plaintiff, it is alleged, derived his title from F. A. Bonner by warranty deed dated October 17, 1908, Bonner then having unrestricted right to sell. Bonner is a member and citizen of the Choctaw Tribe of Indians, of one-sixteenth degree of Indian blood, and that the lands described constitute his allotment as a member and citizen of such tribe; that the judgment upon which the execution was issued was rendered and the debt evidenced by it contracted more than five years prior to the issuance of the execution, and at a time when the lands were inalienable, and that, under the laws of the United States and the treaties between the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations and the United States, the lands were exempt from the operation of the judgment. That defendant threatens to sell the lands, and that a sale thereof and the deed which may be executed will cast a cloud upon plaintiff's title. A restraining order was issued. Defendant, in his answer, alleged that, when the restraining order was served upon him, he was in possession of the lands under the execution, which he set up as a defense. He admitted the other allegations of the plaintiff, and alleged that E. F. Ham et al., plaintiffs in the judgment, were necessary parties. He prayed a dissolution of the restraining order and that the suit be dismissed.

Subsequently, Millord F. Ham and others filed "their interplea in said cause," and asked to be made defendants.

Page 234 U. S. 196

For answer to plaintiff's petition, they alleged the following: they recovered the judgment in controversy against Frank Bonner for the sum of $2,966.66 2/3 on January 31, 1901, as damages for the killing of the husband of one of the interpleaders and the father of the others, upon which executions were issued, but all returned unsatisfied, and finally, on the 29th of September, 1908, the interpleaders caused the execution in controversy to be issued and levied upon the lands described in plaintiff's petition. On February 23, 1906, Bonner became the owner of the lands by allotment of the same as an Indian, and the judgment thereupon became a lien upon the lands. Subsequently, that part of the Indian territory and the southern district where the lands are located became a part of what is now Johnston County, and the judgment is still a lien upon the lands and was a lien at the time of the purchase by Mullen, who, at the time of the alleged conveyance to him, had full knowledge and notice of the judgment, and knew that an execution had been issued and levied upon the lands, and that therefore he is not an innocent purchaser of them, but took them subject to the judgment.

Mullen demurred to the answer of Simmons and to that of the interpleaders upon the grounds (1) that they did not constitute a defense; (2) they failed to show that the execution was a lien upon the lands, failed to show that the lands were seized by the sheriff prior to the deed to plaintiff, and failed to show that a lien attached by virtue of the execution; (3) the lands, having been taken in allotment by Bonner, were not subject under the law to any debt, deed, contract, or obligation of any character made prior to the time at which the lands could be alienated by the allottee; that the judgment was recovered against him more than five years before the lands were alienable, and that the lands were not subject to it or to the execution issued upon it.

The judgment of the court was that it

"doth overrule

Page 234 U. S. 197

plaintiff's general demurrer and his first special demurrer . . . , and doth sustain plaintiff's second special demurrer . . . and the interpleaders and the defendant elect to stand upon their answer and interplea herein, refuse to plead further, and the court finds for the plaintiff, and that he is entitled to the relief prayed for in his petition. . . ."

And it was adjudged that the defendant Simmons, as Sheriff of Johnston County, and his deputies, and the interpleaders, be enjoined and restrained forever from issuing or causing to be issued any execution or other process upon the judgment rendered against Frank Bonner in favor of the interpleaders, and from levying the same upon the lands described.

The supreme court of the state reversed the judgment, deciding

"that the lien of interpleader's judgment attached to the allotment as soon as it came into being; that plaintiff took the land subject thereto, and that the same should be enforced and said land sold to satisfy the same, and that, too, notwithstanding the provisions of the 15th section of the act of July 1, 1902, which has no material bearing on the question."

The section referred to is as follows:

"Lands allotted to members and freedmen shall not be affected or encumbered by any deed, debt, or obligation of any character contracted prior to the time at which said land may be alienated under this Act, nor shall said lands be sold except as herein provided."

32 Stat. 642, c. 1362.

The Supreme Court of Oklahoma, in deciding that this provision did not apply, distinguished between the obligations resulting from an Indian's wrongful conduct and the obligations resulting from his contracts, saying: "A judgment in damages for tort is not a debt contracted'" within the contemplation of § 15. In other words, the court was of the view that the tort retained its identity, though merged in the judgment. However, we need not enter into the controversy of the cases and the

Page 234 U. S. 198

books as to whether a judgment is a contract. Passing such considerations and regarding the policy of § 15 and its language, we are unable to concur with the Supreme Court of Oklahoma.

This Court said, in Starr v. Long Jim, 227 U. S. 613, 227 U. S. 625, that the title to lands allotted to Indians was "retained by the United States for reasons of public policy, and in order to protect the Indians against their own improvidence." It was held, applying the principle, that a warranty deed made by Long Jim at a time when he did not have the power of alienation "was in the very teeth of the policy of the law, and could not operate as a conveyance, either by its primary force or by way of estoppel," after he had received a patent for the land.

The principle was applied again in Franklin v. Lynch, 233 U. S. 269, and its strict character enforced against the deed of a white woman who acquired title in an Indian right. It is true, in these cases, the act of the Indian was voluntary or contractual, and, it is contended, a different effect can be ascribed to the wrongs done by an Indian, and that, in reparation or retribution of them, the state law may subject his inalienable lands -- inalienable by the national law -- to alienation. The consequence of the contention repels its acceptance. Torts are of variable degree. In the present case, that counted on reached, perhaps, the degree of a crime, but a tort may be a breach of a mere legal duty -- a consequence of negligent conduct. The policy of the law is, as we have said, to protect the Indians against their improvidence, and improvidence may affect all of their acts -- those of commission and omission, contracts and torts. And we think § 15 of the Act of July 1, 1902, was purposely made broadly protective, broadly preclusive of alienation by any conduct of the Indian, and not only its policy, but its language, distinguishes it from the statute passed on in Brun v. Mann, 151 F. 145. Its language is that

"lands allotted . . .

Page 234 U. S. 199

shall not be affected or encumbered by any deed, debt, or obligation of any character contracted prior to the time at which"

the lands may be alienated, "nor shall said lands be sold except" as in the act provided. The prohibition, then, is that the lands shall not be "affected . . . by any obligation of any character," and, as we have seen, an obligation may arise from a tort as well as from a contract -- from a breach of duty or the violation of a right. Exchange Bank v. Ford, 7 Colo. 314, 316. If this were not so, a prearranged tort and a judgment confessed would become an easy means of circumventing the policy of the law.

Judgment reversed and case remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

MR. JUSTICE DAY dissents.