Brooks v. Central Sainte Jeanne, 228 U.S. 688 (1913)

U.S. Supreme Court

Brooks v. Central Sainte Jeanne, 228 U.S. 688 (1913) Brooks v. Central Sainte Jeanne

No. 283

Submitted May 2, 1913

Decided May 26, 1913

228 U.S. 688

ERROR TO THE DISTRICT COURT

OF THE UNITED STATES FOR PORTO RICO

Syllabus

Whether one is in general service of another or not if he is rendering the latter a service even as a volunteer and comes under his orders, he becomes his servant, and fellow-servant of the other employees.

The servant is not only such while actually at work on the service for which he is specially employed, but also during its progress while absent from the location for the purpose of, and in connection with, such work.

One going in the master's conveyance on the master's business held, in this case, to be a fellow-servant of the driver of the conveyance.

In view of the adoption by Porto Rico, in substantially the same form, of the English Employers' Liability Act which presupposes the existence of the common law rule as to fellow servants, and the provisions of that act in regard to exceptions in specific instances, and in the absence of any authorities to the contrary, held that the law in Porto Rico in regard to the fellow servant defense does not differ from the common law.

A single expression in the testimony that the driver of an automobile was accustomed to drink while driving the machine, there being other testimony importing usual sobriety, does not justify a finding of negligence on the part of the employer for employing a servant who was incompetent as an excessive drinker.

5 P.R. 281 affirmed.

Page 228 U. S. 689

The facts, which involve the application in a case for personal injuries in Porto Rico of the defense of negligence of a fellow-servant, and the determination of whether the employee of the defendant whose negligence caused the injury was a fellow servant of the plaintiff, are stated in the opinion.

Page 228 U. S. 692

MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is an action for personal injuries suffered in Porto Rico. The declaration alleges that the plaintiff at the defendant's request, made a trip on an automobile of the latter "for the purpose of aiding other employees of the defendant in moving a certain boiler which was the property of the defendant," and that, in returning from the trip, the automobile was so negligently operated by the defendant, its agents and employees, that it was driven into a ditch and the plaintiff was badly hurt. There was a trial by jury in which, at the end of the plaintiff's evidence, the judge directed a verdict for the defendant and the plaintiff excepted. The evidence showed that the machine was driven by a servant of the defendant, so that it appeared in proof that the plaintiff was suing for an injury caused by a fellow servant, as is to be inferred from the face of the declaration itself.

Notwithstanding the admission that the plaintiff was an employee of the defendant, imported by the words "for the purpose of aiding other employees," it is argued that

Page 228 U. S. 693

the plaintiff was not a fellow servant, and therefore, although the contention hardly is open, the substance of the testimony may be stated. The plaintiff's general employers had sold a sugar mill to the Central, delivered in New Orleans. At the request of the Central, they had sent over the plaintiff to put up a chimney, a battery of six boilers, and a bagasse track. While at the work, he seems to have been paid by the defendant, and was under the direction of its chief engineer. The chimney had been nearly finished and the next work was to set up the boilers, but they had not arrived. The man in charge of the transportation directed the plaintiff to go and help to get a boiler, which, after asking the chief engineer for leave, he did. When they got to the boiler, there were not enough machines to haul it, so that they had to return to the Central. On the way, the driver seems to have been more or less drunk, and negligently, it must be assumed, upset the machine.

Whether the plaintiff was in the general employ of the defendant, as he seems to have been, or not, the service that he consented to render was the defendant's work. In rendering that, at least, he came under its orders and became its servant. Assuming in his favor that he was a volunteer, that fact did not enlarge his rights. Degg v. Midland Ry. Co., 1 H. & N. 773; Potter v. Faulkner, 1 Best & Sm. 800; Barstow v. Old Colony R. Co., 143 Mass. 535, 536; Wischam v. Rickards, 136 Pa. 109. Other cases will be found in 2 Labatt, Master & Servant § 631. He was the defendant's servant not only while actually at work on the boiler, but during the trip taken for the purpose of doing the work. Northern Pacific R. Co. v. Peterson, 162 U. S. 346, 162 U. S. 358; Martin v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. Co., 166 U. S. 399, 166 U. S. 403; Texas & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Bourman, 212 U. S. 536, 212 U. S. 538-539. And he was fellow servant with the driver of the machine. Martin v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. Co. supra;

Page 228 U. S. 694

Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. Dixon, 194 U. S. 338; Texas & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Bourman, 212 U. S. 536, 212 U. S. 541; Beutler v. Grand Trunk Junction Ry. Co., 224 U. S. 85. If the law of Porto Rico does not differ in this respect from the common law, the direction to the jury was right.

Whether the common law rule prevails is not made clear by any authority cited. But, by the Act of March 1, 1902 (Rev.Stat. & Codes, 1902, p. 150), the English Employers' Liability Act was copied more or less exactly, as it has been in some of the states. That statute presupposes the common law rule as to fellow servants, Ryalls v. Mechanics' Mills, 150 Mass.190, 191, and the Porto Rican copy would be hard to account for except upon the same presupposition. If a master were liable for injuries caused by the negligence of a fellow servant, there would be no need of enacting that he should be liable for such injuries in specific cases, as the statute does, and no sense in the provision of § 10 that the act shall not apply to injuries caused to domestic servants, or farm laborers, by fellow employees. Therefore, while we might hesitate if we were deducing the rule from the considerations on which it originally was placed, Schlemmer v. Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburg Ry. Co., 205 U. S. 1, 205 U. S. 11-12, as indeed one might hesitate about the more general liability to which it is an exception, we must assume that it exists, even laying on one side the suggestion that the statute offers the only remedy for cases within it. We should add that this suit is not brought under the act.

It was argued, evidently as an afterthought for which no foundation was laid in the pleadings, that the defendant might have been liable on the ground that it employed an incompetent servant. This suggestion is based on a single expression concerning the driver, that it was his custom to drink while driving the machine. This neither stated nor meant, so far as we can judge, that it was the custom of the driver to drink to excess, or so as to unfit

Page 228 U. S. 695

him for his work. The only other reference to the matter was by another of the plaintiff's witnesses, that the driver was "not in the mood or attitude which he usually had when we worked together in the shops," importing usual sobriety. It would have been permitting a mere guess to allow the jury to find for the plaintiff on this ground.

Judgment affirmed.