Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. Washington, 222 U.S. 370 (1912)

U.S. Supreme Court

Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. Washington, 222 U.S. 370 (1912) Northern Pacific Railway Company v. Washington

No. 136

Submitted December 19, 1911

Decided January 9, 1912

222 U.S. 370

ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT

OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

Syllabus

A train moving and carrying freight between two points in the same state, but which is hauling freight between points one of which is within and the other without the state, or hauling it through the state between points both without the state, is engaged in interstate commerce, and subject to the laws of Congress enacted in regard thereto. Southern Railway Co. v. United States, 222 U. S. 20.

The right of a state to apply its police power to subjects under the exclusive control of Congress, but in regard to which Congress has

Page 222 U. S. 371

been silent, ceases as soon as Congress acts on the subject and manifests its purpose to call into effect its exclusive power.

Congress, by enacting a statute in regard to a subject within its exclusive power, manifests its purpose to call that power into effect, and at once removes that subject from the sphere of state action, and even if Congress provides that the statute shall not go into effect until a subsequent date, the states lose control of that subject during the intermediate period from the enactment to the active operation of the statute.

The enactment by Congress of the Hours of Service Law, March 4, 1907, c. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, was a manifestation by Congress of its intent to bring the subject of hours of labor of employees of interstate carriers under its control, and, although the act did not go into effect for a year after its passage, the various state laws on the subject became inoperative at once on the enactment.

In this case, the court referred to the report of the committee of Congress having the legislation in charge as indicating the intent of Congress in enacting the statute.

53 Wash. 673 reversed.

The facts are stated in the opinion.

Page 222 U. S. 375

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

On July 3 and 4, 1907, the Northern Pacific Railway Company, in operating a train on its road in the State of Washington, permitted some of the train crew to remain on duty more than sixteen consecutive hours. This being apparently contrary to the prohibition of the Act of Congress known as the "hours of service" law, approved March 4, 1907, c. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, if the railroad company, in the operation of the train, was subject to the power of Congress and the prohibitions of the act were otherwise applicable, there was a violation of the act and a liability to its penalties.

The train, although moving from one point to another in the State of Washington, was hauling merchandise from points outside of the state, destined to points within the state, and from points within the state to points in British Columbia, as well as in carrying merchandise which had originated outside of the state, and was in transit through the state to a foreign destination. This transportation was interstate commerce, and the train was an interstate train, despite the fact that it may also have been carrying some local freight. In view of the unity and indivisibility of the service of the train crew and the paramount character of the authority of Congress to regulate commerce, the Act of Congress was exclusively controlling. Southern Railway Co. v. United

Page 222 U. S. 376

States, 222 U. S. 20. But while thus governed by the act of Congress, the prohibitions of that act were not operative. This follows by reason of the provisions of § 5 to the following effect: "That this Act shall take effect and be in force one year after its passage."

About a month before the occurrences heretofore referred to -- that is, on June 12, 1097, a law of the State of Washington regulating the hours of service of railway employees became effective. Without going into detail, it suffices to say that the provisions of that act greatly resembled those of the act of Congress, and prohibited the consecutive hours of service which had taken place on the train of the Northern Pacific road. The attorney general of the state commenced the proceeding now before us to recover penalties for the violation of the state law. The railroad answered, admitted the acts complained of, but denied any liability for the penalties imposed by the state law. The denial was based upon the assertion that the train was an interstate train, and was not subject to the control of the state because within the exclusive authority of Congress, manifested by the enactment of Congress on that subject. The trial court granted a motion for judgment upon the pleadings, and awarded $1,000 penalty, and it is to a judgment of the supreme court of the state affirming such action that this writ of error is prosecuted.

Considering the character of the transportation, the court below held that the train was an interstate train, and within the potentiality of the exercise by Congress of its power to regulate commerce. Despite this, it was held that the penalty had been rightly imposed because, until Congress had acted upon the subject, it was competent for the state to make a regulation concerning the hours of service of employees on railroad trains moving within the state, and to apply such regulation to a train engaged in interstate commerce. This, however,

Page 222 U. S. 377

was based not upon a supposed concurrent state and federal power, but solely on the ground that Congress had not acted on the subject, and therefore the state regulation should be applied. Indeed, the court in express terms declared that, if Congress had legislated, "its act supersedes any and all state legislation on that particular subject," and it was stated that the state, in argument, had so conceded.

The court said (53 Wash. 673, 676):

"On the other hand, it is conceded by the state that the power of the Congress to regulate interstate commerce is plenary, and that, as an incident to this power, the Congress may regulate by legislation the instrumentalities engaged in the business and may prescribe the number of consecutive hours an employee of a carrier so engaged shall be required to remain on duty, and that, when it does legislate upon the subject, its act supersedes any and all state legislation on that particular subject. In fact, these propositions can hardly be said to be debatable in the state courts, since the federal courts, whose decisions are authoritative on questions of this character, have repeatedly announced them as governing principles in determining the validity of regulative legislation concerning carriers of interstate commerce. Escanaba &c. Transp. Co. v. Chicago, 107 U. S. 678; Morgan &c. S.S. Co. v. Louisiana Board of Health, 118 U. S. 455; Nashville &c. R. Co. v. Alabama, 128 U. S. 96; Gladson v. Minnesota, 166 U. S. 427; Lake Shore &c. R. Co. v. Ohio, 173 U. S. 285; Erbe v. Morasch, 177 U. S. 584."

Thus, conceding the paramount power of Congress, the operative force of the state law was solely maintained over the interstate commerce in question because of the provision of the act of Congress providing that it should not take effect until one year after its passage. As a result, the act was treated as not existing until the expiration of a year from its passage. Copiously referring

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to authorities as to when a legislative act was to be treated as taking effect, the court said (p. 678):

". . . It seems clear that the federal statute did not speak as a statute until after March 4, 1908, the date on which it went into effect, for if a law passed to take effect at a future day must be construed as if passed on that day, and if, prior to the time it goes into effect, no rights can be acquired under it and no one is bound to regulate his conduct according to its terms, it is idle to say that it has the effect of a statute between the time of its passage and the time of its taking effect. A statute cannot be both operative and inoperative at the same time. It is either a law or it is not a law; and, without special words of limitation, when it goes into effect for one purpose, it goes into effect for all purposes."

But we are of opinion that this view is not compatible with the paramount authority of Congress over interstate commerce. It is elementary, and such is the doctrine announced by the cases to which the court below referred, that the right of a state to apply its police power for the purpose of regulating interstate commerce, in a case like this, exists only from the silence of Congress on the subject, and ceases when Congress acts on the subject, or manifests its purpose to call into play its exclusive power. This being the conceded premise upon which alone the state law could have been made applicable, it results that as the enactment by Congress of the law in question was an assertion of its power, by the fact alone of such manifestation that subject was at once removed from the sphere of the operation of the authority of the state. To admit the fundamental principle and yet to reason that, because Congress chose to make its prohibitions take effect only after a year, the matter with which Congress dealt remained subject to state power is to cause the act of Congress to destroy itself -- that is, to give effect to the will of Congress as embodied in the postponing

Page 222 U. S. 379

provision for the purpose of overriding and rendering ineffective the expression of the will of Congress to bring the subject within its control -- a manifestation arising from the mere fact of the enactment of the statute.

We do not pause to cite authorities additional to those referred to by the court below, but we observe in passing that the aspect in which we view the question was cogently stated by the Supreme Court of the State of Missouri in State v. Missouri Pacific Ry. Co., 212 Mo. 658, and has also been lucidly expounded by the Supreme Court of the State of Wisconsin in State v. Chicago, M. & St.P. Ry. Co., 136 Wis. 407.

But if we pass these considerations and consider the issue before us as one requiring merely an interpretation of the statute, we are of opinion that it becomes manifest that it would cause the statute to destroy itself to give to the clause postponing its operation for one year the meaning which must be affixed to it in order to hold that, during the year of postponement, state police laws applied. In the first place, no conceivable reason has been, or we think can be, suggested for the postponing provision if it was contemplated that the prohibitions of state laws should apply in the meantime. This is true because, if it be that it was contemplated that the subject dealt with should be controlled during the year by state laws, the postponement of the prohibitions of the act could accomplish no possible purpose. This is well illustrated by this case, where, by the ruling below, a state regulation substantially similar to that contained in the act of Congress is made applicable. In the second place, the obvious suggestion is that the purpose of Congress in giving time was to enable the necessary adjustments to be made by the railroads to meet the new conditions created by the act -- a purpose which would, of course, be frustrated by giving to the provision as to postponement a significance which would destroy the very reason which

Page 222 U. S. 380

caused it to be enacted. Finally, the convictions which arise from the fact of the postponement are made plain by a report on the bill, made to the House of Representatives by the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, wherein it was said (Report No. 7641, dated February 16, 1907, p. 6):

"Owing to the probable necessity of changing in some instances division points, entailing the removal of employees, and to permit ample time to readjust themselves to the requirements of the law, it is not to become operative for one year after its approval."

For the reasons stated, the judgment of the Supreme Court of the Washington must be and it is

Reversed, and the cause will be remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.