United States ex Rel. Steinmetz v. Allen, 192 U.S. 543 (1904)

U.S. Supreme Court

United States ex Rel. Steinmetz v. Allen, 192 U.S. 543 (1904) United States ex Rel. Steinmetz v. Allen

No. 383

Argued January 12-13, 1901

Decided February 23, 1904

192 U.S. 543

ERROR TO THE COURT OF APPEALS

OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Syllabus

A rule of practice in the Patent Office, when established by the Commissioner of Patents under § 483, Rev.Stat., constitutes, in part, the powers of the primary examiner and the Commissioner, and becomes to those officers an authority under the United States, and this Court has jurisdiction under § 8 of the Act of February 9, 1893, to review a final judgment of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia where the plaintiff in error assails the validity of such a rule.

Section 4886, Rev.Stat., gives a right, which is a substantial one, to join inventions which are related to each other in one patent, and this right cannot be denied by a hard and fixed rule which prevents such joinder in all cases. Such a rule is not the exercise of discretion, but a determination not to hear.

Rule 41 of Practice in the Patent Office, insofar as it requires a division between claims for a process and claims for an apparatus if they are related and dependent inventions, is invalid.

Mandamus is the proper remedy where the Commissioner of Patents has refused to require the primary examiner to forward an appeal to the board of examiners in chief to review the ruling of the primary examiner requiring the petitioner to cancel certain of the claims in his application.

This is a petition in mandamus filed in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia to compel the Commissioner of

Page 192 U. S. 544

Patents to require the primary examiner to forward an appeal, prayed by the petitioner, to the board of examiners-in-chief, to review the ruling of the primary examiner requiring petitioner to cancel certain of his claims in his application for motor meters.

The supreme court dismissed the petition, and its action was affirmed by the court of appeals. This writ of error was then sued out.

The decision of the primary examiner was based upon Rule 41 of practice in the Patent Office, and the case involves the validity of the rule under the patent laws.

The petitioner filed an application in the Patent Office, November 21, 1896, for a patent for "certain new and useful improvements in motor meters." He expressed his invention in thirteen claims. They are inserted in the margin. *

Page 192 U. S. 545

The first six were held by the primary examiner to be claims for a process; the balance of the claims to be for an apparatus, and on the fifteenth of May, 1900, ordered that the latter, that is, claims 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, be cancelled from the application. In other words, he required a division between the process claims and the apparatus claims, in accordance with Rule 41. That rule is as follows:

Page 192 U. S. 546

"41. Two or more independent inventions cannot be claimed in one application; but where several distinct inventions are dependent upon each other and mutually contribute to produce a single result, they may be claimed in one application."

"Claims for a machine and its product must be presented in separate applications."

"Claims for a machine and the process in the performance of

Page 192 U. S. 547

which the machine is used must be presented in separate applications."

"Claims for a process and its product may be presented in the same application."

Petitioner persisted in his application as filed, and the primary examiner repeated his order for a division of the claims. Petitioner regarded such order as "a second final rejection" of his claims to the apparatus, and appealed therefrom to the board of examiners-in-chief. The primary examiner refused to answer the appeal and to forward the same with his answer thereto and the statements required by the rules of the Patent Office. Thereafter, on the twentieth of August, 1900, petitioner petitioned the Commissioner of Patents to direct the primary examiner to forward said appeal, which petition was denied. It was repeated to the present Commissioner, defendant in error, and by him denied on the seventh of February, 1902.

These facts constitute petitioner's claim to relief.

The answer of the respondent asserts the validity of Rule 41, justifies the action of the Patent Office, alleges that petitioner is estopped from contesting the orders of the primary examiner, and also alleges that those orders "did not involve the rejection of any claim or an action upon the merits of any claim made by the relator," as provided in Rule 13, and that

"the statutes and Rule 133 of the rules of practice do not provide for an appeal to the examiners-in-chief from an examiner's requirement for division, and the examiners-in-chief have no jurisdiction to pass upon the question whether or not division should be required."

The answer presents also the following facts: prior to making the order of May 15, 1900, to-wit, on October 9, 1899, the primary examiner wrote a letter to petitioner regarding the division of the process claims and the apparatus claims, in accordance with Rule 41, before further action would be given upon the merits of the case.

Petitioner replied December 15, 1899, requesting "that the

Page 192 U. S. 548

requirement for division be waived for the present," in order that his process claims be placed in interference with the claims of a patent to one Duncan. To this request the examiner answered:

"Pending the determination of the interference, applicant may retain the method and apparatus claims in this case, but the acceptance of an interference on one of the method claims will be held by the office to be an election of the prosecution of the method claims, and the further prosecution of the apparatus claims in this application will not be permitted."

Petitioner replied January 19, 1900, urging that the interference be declared, and on February 7, 1900, it was declared and decided in favor of petitioner. After the decision, the examiner wrote the letter of May 15, 1900. These proceedings, respondent contends, constitute an estoppel.

The first ruling of the Commissioner of Patents upon the petition to require the primary examiner to respond to petitioner's appeal was as follows:

"Where applicant does not care to comply with the examiner's requirements in a matter of division such as is here involved, it has been the practice for the past thirty years to treat the question not as one of merits, and appealable to the examiners-in-chief, but as a proper matter for petition to the Commissioner. I see no reason for overturning this practice. This petition is denied."

The second order of the Commissioner, respondent, after reciting certain of the facts, concluded as follows:

"The requirement for division is purely a matter of form, not involving the merits of the claims, since the claims may be, and in the present case are, regarded as allowable. The examiner has not refused to grant a patent to this applicant upon any of the claims presented, but has merely required that they be included in two patents instead of one. It is a question of procedure, or of the manner of securing the protection, which is in controversy, and not the right of the applicant to a patent upon any of the claims presented. "

Page 192 U. S. 549

"The examiner was right in taking the position that the question involved is not appealable to the examiners-in-chief, and although it is a general rule of law that the appellate tribunal is the one to determine whether or not it has jurisdiction when an appeal is taken to it, it is not considered necessary in the office practice to follow that practice strictly, since the Commissioner is the head of the office, and has the final decision upon all questions arising within it and may settle questions of this kind upon direct petition. The examiner's decision upon the question whether or not an appeal to the examiners-in-chief is regular and proper is not final, since it may be reviewed by the Commissioner upon petition, but he has authority to pass upon that question in the first instance."

"The petition is denied. "

Page 192 U. S. 555

MR. JUSTICE McKENNA, after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the Court.

1. The jurisdiction of this Court to review the judgment of the Court of Appeals is questioned. There is no money in dispute, nor anything to which a pecuniary value has been given. Jurisdiction is claimed under the clause of section 8 of the act of February 9, 1893, which gives an appeal to this Court from the final judgment or decree of the Court of Appeals in cases in

Page 192 U. S. 556

which there is drawn in question the validity of "an authority exercised under the United States."

By section 483 of the Revised Statutes, the Commissioner of Patents, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, is empowered to establish from time to time regulations not inconsistent with law, for the conduct of proceedings in the Patent Office. The Commissioner of Patents, exercising the power conferred, established, among other rules of practice, Rule 41. It thereby became a rule of procedure, and constituted, in part, the powers of the primary examiner and Commissioner. In other words, it became an authority to those officers, and, necessarily, an authority "under the United States." Its validity was and is assailed by the plaintiff in error. We think, therefore, we have jurisdiction, and the motion to dismiss is denied.

2. The issue is well defined between the parties, both as to the right and remedy, in the Patent Office. As to right, petitioner contends that a union by an inventor of process and apparatus claims, which are essentially the same invention, is given by the patent laws, and that Rule 41, so far as it takes that right away, is repugnant to those laws, and invalid. As to remedy, that the decision of the primary examiner constituted a final decision upon the case, and petitioner was entitled to an appeal under the patent laws to the board of examiners-in-chief. The latter proposition depends upon the first. Assuming the right in an inventor as expressed in the first proposition, the primary examiner denied the right. True, a distinction can be made between his ruling and one on the merits, if we regard the merits to mean invention, novelty, or the like. But in what situation would an applicant for a patent be? If he yield to the rule, he gives up his right of joinder. If he does not yield, he will not be heard at all, and may subsequently be regarded as having abandoned his application. Section 4894, Rev.Stat.. A ruling having such effect must be considered as final and appealable. Whether, however, to the examiners-in-chief or to the Commissioner, and

Page 192 U. S. 557

from the latter to the courts, we may postpone answering until we have considered the right of an inventor to join process and apparatus claims in one application.

Section 4886 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, provides as follows:

"Any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvements thereof, not known or used by others in this country before his invention or discovery thereof and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, or more than two years prior to his application, and not in public use or on sale in this country for more than two years prior to his application, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned, may, upon payment of the fees required by law, and other due proceeding had, obtain a patent therefor."

There is nothing in the language of the section which necessarily precludes the joinder of two or more inventions in the same application. But the section does distinguish inventions into arts (processes), machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter, and the earliest construction of the law denied the right of joinder. An exception, however, came to be made in cases of dependent and related inventions.

In Hogg v. Emerson, 6 How. 437, it was said:

"The next objection is, that this description in the letters thus considered covers more than one patent, and is therefore void."

"There seems to have been no good reason at first, unless it be a fiscal one on the part of the government when issuing patents, why more than one in favor of the same inventor should not be embraced in one instrument, like more than one tract of land in one deed or patent for land. Phillips, Patents, 217."

"Each could be set out in separate articles or paragraphs, as different counts for different matters in libels in admiralty or declarations at common law, and the specifications could be made distinct for each, and equally clear."

"But, to obtain more revenue, the public officers have generally

Page 192 U. S. 558

declined to issue letters for more than one patent described in them. Renouard, Desbrevets D'Invention, 293; Phillips, Patents, 218. The courts have been disposed to acquiesce in the practice as conducive to clearness and certainty. And if letters issue otherwise inadvertently, to hold them, as a general rule, null. But it is a well established exception that patents may be united, if two or more, included in one set of letters, relate to a like subject or are in their nature or operation connected together. Phillips Patents, 218, 219; Barrett v. Hall, 1 Mason 447; Moody v. Fiske, 2 Mason 112; Wyeth v. Stone, 1 Story 273."

This language would seem to imply that not the statute, but the practice of the Patent Office, required separate applications for inventions, but the cases cited were explicit of the meaning of the statute. Mr. Justice Story, in Wyeth v. Stone, said:

"For, if different inventions might be joined in the same patent for entirely different purposes and objects, the patentee would be at liberty to join as many as he might choose at his own mere pleasure, in one patent, which seems to be inconsistent with the language of the patent acts, which speak of the thing patented, and not of the things patented, and of a patent for invention, and not of a patent for inventions, and they direct a specific sum to be paid for each patent."

But he confined the requirement to independent inventions, and his illustrations indicated that he meant by independent inventions not those which, though distinct, were "for the same common purpose and auxiliary to the same common end."

Hogg v. Emerson came to this Court again, and is reported in 52 U. S. 11 How. 587. Of one of the objections to the patent, the Court said:

"It is that the improvement thus described is for more than one invention, and that one set of letters patent for more than one invention is not tolerated by law."

"But grant that such is the result when two or more inventions are entirely separate and independent -- though this is doubtful on principle -- yet it is well settled, in the cases formerly cited, that a patent for more than one invention is not void if

Page 192 U. S. 559

they are connected in their design and operation. This last is clearly the case here."

Many other cases are to the same effect.

Can it be said that a process and an apparatus are inevitably so independent as never to be "connected in their design and operation?" They may be completely independent. Cochrane v. Deener, 94 U. S. 780. But they may be related. They may approach each other so nearly that it will be difficult to distinguish the process from the function of the apparatus. In such case, the apparatus would be the dominant thing. But the dominance may be reversed, and the process carry an exclusive right, no matter what apparatus may be devised to perform it. There is an illustration in the Telephone Cases, 126 U. S. 1. The claim passed upon in those cases was as follows:

"The method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically, as herein described, by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sounds, substantially at set forth."

The claim was held to refer to the art described, and the means of making it useful. The Court observed:

"Other inventors may compete with him for the ways of giving effect to the discovery, but the new art he has found will belong to him and those claiming under him during the life of his patent."

A distinction between the process and the means employed for using it was recognized. It was said:

"The patent for the art does not necessarily involve a patent for the particular means employed for using it. Indeed, the mention of any means, in the specification or descriptive portion of the patent, is only necessary to show that the art can be used, for it is only useful arts -- arts which may be used to advantage -- that can be made the subject of a patent."

The patent was sustained. It was not attacked because it embraced independent inventions. The fact is not without

Page 192 U. S. 560

force. Considering the ability of counsel engaged and the division of the Court in opinion, it is a proper inference that no tenable objection to the patent was overlooked.

It is said by Robinson, in his work on Patents, that

"special rules which govern the joinder of arts or processes with each other or with related inventions of a different class, are more stringent in the Patent Office than in the courts."

2 Robinson, Patents, section 473. And the author deduces the conclusion that, under the rules of the Patent Office, a process cannot be

"joined with the apparatus that performs it, nor either of these with the product in which they result, unless they are to such an extent inseparable that the existence of some one of them is dependent upon that of the others."

But Rule 41 precludes even this.

If there is a divergence of views between the courts and the Patent Office, and the divergence proceeds from a different interpretation of the statute, the views of the courts ought to prevail. If the courts, however, have only recognized and enforced the exercise of a discretion of the Patent Office, the question occurs what is the extent of such discretion, and can it be expressed and fixed in an inflexible rule such as Rule 41? In Bennet v. Fowler, 8 Wall. 445, a discretion in the Patent Office was recognized. The question arose upon the validity of two reissued patents for improvements, which "had been embraced in one, in the original patent." The Court said:

"It may be that, if the improvements set forth in both specifications had been incorporated into one patent, the patentee taking care to protect himself as to all his improvements by proper and several claims, it would have been sufficient. It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to lay down any general rule by which to determine when a given invention or improvements shall be embraced in one, two, or more patents. Some discretion must necessarily be left on this subject to the head of the Patent Office. It is often a nice and perplexing question."

Some discretion is not an unlimited discretion, and if the

Page 192 U. S. 561

discretion be not unlimited, it is reviewable. In other words, the statute gives the right to join inventions in one application in cases where the inventions are related, and it cannot be denied by a hard and fixed rule which prevents such joinder in all cases. Such a rule is not the exercise of discretion; it is a determination not to hear. No inventor can reach the point of invoking the discretion of the Patent Office. He is notified in advance that he will not be heard, no matter what he might be able to show. His right is denied, therefore, not regulated. Such is the necessary effect of Rule 41, as amended.

Without that rule, the action of the Patent Office can be accommodated to the character of inventions, and discretion can be exercised, and when exercised, we may say in passing, except in cases of clear abuse, the courts will not review it. But the rule as amended, as we have said, precludes the exercise of any judgment, and compels the separation of claims for a process and claims for its apparatus, however related or connected they may be. And the right denied is substantial. Counsel for petitioner have explained that right by the embarrassments caused by its denial, one of which is that, by disclosing the apparatus in his application for the process, he might lose the right to and a patent for the apparatus, and to sustain that view, James v. Campbell, 104 U. S. 356, is cited. We are not prepared to admit such consequences, nor that James v. Campbell so decides. If the classification of the statute makes a distinction between the different kinds of inventions -- between a process and an apparatus -- and requires or permits a separate application for each, it would seem to follow irresistibly that an application and patent for one would not preclude an application and patent for the other, and the order of the application could not affect the right which the law confers. James v. Campbell was a case of reissued patent, and by express provision of the statute as to reissued patents, no new matter can be introduced in them. In other words, the reissue is to perfect, not to enlarge, the prior patent. Whether the principle of the case applies to

Page 192 U. S. 562

related as well as to independent inventions is not clear from its language. The Court said:

"Where a new process produces a new substance, the invention of the process is the same as the invention of the substance, and a patent for the one may be reissued so as to include both, as was done in the case of Goodyear's vulcanized rubber patent. But a process, and a machine for applying the process are not necessarily one and the same invention."

The facts of the case did not call for a more definite ruling. The original patent was for a device for postmarking and cancelling postage stamps by a single blow. The reissued patent claimed the act of marking and cancellation, and it was observed by the Court:

"The process or act of making a postmark and cancelling a postage stamp by a single blow or operation, as a subject of invention, is a totally different thing in the patent law from a stamp constructed for performing that process."

But without attempting to enlarge the case and extend it to more intimately related inventions, it is enough now to say that there is nothing in the case which decides that, if the process had been claimed in an independent application, it (the process) would have been adjudged to have been dedicated to the public by the other patent. There is language indicating the contrary. It was said:

"If he [the patentee] was the author of any other invention than that which he specifically describes and claims, though he might have asked to have it patented at the same time and in the same patent, yet if he has not done so, and afterwards desires to secure it, he is bound to make a new and distinct application for that purpose, and make it the subject of a new and different patent."

The case, however, indicates what embarrassment and peril of rights may be caused by a hard and fixed rule regarding the separation of related inventions. See also Mosler Safe Co. v. Mosler, 127 U. S. 354, and Miller v. Eagle Manufacturing Co., 151 U. S. 186.

Page 192 U. S. 563

The Patent Office has not been consistent in its views in regard to the division of inventions. At times, convenience of administration has seemed to be of greatest concern; at other times, more anxiety has been shown for the rights of inventors. The policy of the office has been denominated that of "battledore and shuttlecock," and Rule 41 as it now exists was enacted to give simplicity and uniformity to the practice of the office. Its enactment was attempted to be justified by the assumption that the patent laws gave to the office a discretion to permit or deny a joinder of inventions. But, as we have already said, to establish a rule applicable to all cases is not to exercise discretion. Such a rule ignores the differences which invoke discretion, and which can alone justify its exercise, and we are of opinion therefore that Rule 41 is an invalid regulation.

3. Having settled the right of appellant, we may now return to the consideration of his remedy. Respondent contends:

"It is fundamental that mandamus will not issue against a public officer except to compel the performance of some plain, clear, ministerial duty, and will not issue to control his discretion."

And it is further contended that respondent has acted, and, having acted, cannot be required to refer the case to a lower tribunal in his office. To sustain the contention Holloway v. Whiteley, 4 Wall. 522, is cited.

The unity of the inventions claimed by petitioner in the case at bar we may assume. It is not denied by respondent. Petitioner had, therefore, the right to join them in one application. The denial of this right by the primary examiner was a rejection of the application and entitled petitioner to an appeal to the examiners-in-chief, under section 4909 of the Revised Statutes. That section provides:

"Every applicant for a patent, . . . any of the claims of which have been twice rejected, . . . may appeal from the decision of the primary examiner to the board of examiners-in-chief. . . . "

Page 192 U. S. 564

Section 482 provides:

"The examiners-in-chief shall be persons of competent legal knowledge and scientific ability, whose duty it shall be, on the written petition of the appellant, to revise and determine upon the validity of the adverse decisions of examiners upon applications for patents, and for reissues of patents, and in interference cases; and, when required by the Commissioner, they shall hear and report upon claims for extensions, and perform such other like duties as he may assign them."

The procedure on appeal is provided for by the rules of the Patent Office. It is taken by filing a petition praying an appeal with the primary examiner, setting forth the reasons upon which the appeal is based, and it is made the duty of the examiner, five days before the date of hearing, to furnish the appellate tribunal and the appellant with a statement of the grounds of his decision. A petition praying an appeal was filed, but the primary examiner refused to answer the appeal, and the defendant in error also refused to direct him to answer it. It is manifest that, if an appeal cannot be compelled from the decision of the primary examiner, an applicant is entirely without remedy. And respondent has asserted that extreme. In Ex Parte Frasch, 20 App.D.C. 298, the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia was persuaded that an appeal was not the proper remedy. In the case at bar, it is contended that mandamus is not the proper one. One or the other must be. A suggestion made is that the inventor must await a decision on the merits, meaning by merits "lack of invention, novelty, or utility," as expressed in Rule 133. But, after waiting, he would encounter the arbitrary requirement of Rule 41. Besides, what would there be to review if the order of the primary examiner were complied with and the claims put into separate applications? There are some observations in Holloway v. Whiteley which may be quoted. Whitely claimed to be the assignee of a patent, and filed an application for a reissue. The Commissioner declined to entertain it on the ground that Whitely was only assignee of an interest, and not of the entire patent. He also

Page 192 U. S. 565

declined to allow an appeal to be taken from his decision. The Supreme Court of the District of Columbia awarded a peremptory writ of mandamus commanding the Commissioner to refer the application to the proper examiner, or otherwise examine or cause it to be examined according to law. Error was prosecuted to this Court. Under the act of 1836, it was provided that, if the Commissioner decided adversely to an applicant for a patent, an appeal could be taken to the board of examiners, and by the act of 1837, that remedy was given to an applicant for a reissue of a patent, and the question in the case was whether that remedy should have been pursued. In other words, whether the remedy was by appeal or mandamus. It was decided that appeal was the remedy. Singularly enough, the Commissioner, in answer to the rule, took the position that the application was not before him because it had not been filed. The Court said, if that were so,

"mandamus would clearly lie to compel the Commissioner to receive it. It was his first duty to receive the application, whatever he might do subsequently. Without this initial step, there could be no examination, and indeed no rightful knowledge of the subject on his part. Examination and the exercise of judgment, with their proper fruit, were to follow, and they did follow."

And so the exercise of judgment might follow a hearing of the application under review. It was the duty of the primary examiner to accord a hearing or, refusing to do so, to grant an appeal. It was the duty of the Commissioner to compel the appeal. The Commissioner of Patents is primarily charged with granting and issuing patents. Applications for patents are made to him (section 4888, Revised Statutes), and his superintendence should be exercised to secure the rights which the statutes confer on inventors. The first of those rights is a hearing. If that be denied, other rights cannot accrue.

The Commissioner justifies his decision by the rules of the Patent Office and a long practice under them. If there is inconsistency between the rules and statute, the latter must prevail.

Page 192 U. S. 566

But the primary examiner did not follow the rules. The rules provide that, if appeal be regular in form (italics ours) he shall, within five days of the filing thereof, furnish the examiners-in-chief with a written statement of the grounds of his decision on all of the points involved in the appeal, with copies of the rejected claims and with the references applicable thereto. If he decide that the appeal is not regular in form, a petition from such decision may be made directly to the Commissioner. The regularity of the appeal in form is not questioned in the case at bar, and it was the duty of the examiner to answer the appeal by furnishing the examiners-in-chief the statement provided for in Rule 135. A petition to the Commissioner was not necessary except to make the examiner to perform his duty.

4. We do not think that petitioner was estopped from insisting upon his application by proceeding with the interference with Duncan after the examiner's letter of December 15, 1899. It would be pressing mere order of procedure and the convenience of the Patent Office too far to give them such result under the circumstances.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is therefore reversed, with directions to reverse that of the Supreme Court, and direct the Supreme Court to grant the writ of mandamus as prayed for.

*

"1. The herein-described method of measuring alternating electric currents, which consists in setting up or establishing a shifting field of magnetism from three intersecting lines or axes of magnetism and adapted to actuate a rotatable armature in a motor meter arranged within the energizing coils producing said lines of magnetization."

"2. The herein-described method of actuating an alternating current motor meter, which consists in setting up or establishing a shifting field of magnetism from three intersecting lines or axes of magnetization, and adapted to actuate a rotatable armature arranged within the energizing coils producing said lines of magnetization."

"3. The herein-described method of actuating a single-phase alternating current motor meter, which consists in setting up or establishing a shifting field of magnetism from three intersecting lines or axes of magnetization and adapted to actuate a rotatable armature arranged within the energizing coils producing said lines of magnetization."

"4. The herein-described method of actuating an alternating current motor meter, which consists in setting up or establishing a shifting field of magnetism by means of magneto-motive forces acting along three intersecting lines and subjecting an armature to the inductive action of said field."

"5. The herein-described method of actuating an alternating current motor meter, which consists in setting up or establishing a shifting field of magnetism by means of magneto-motive forces being proportional to the current and the other two to the electromotive force, and subjecting an armature to the inductive action of said field."

"6. The herein-described method of actuating an alternating current motor meter which consists in setting up or establishing a shifting field of magnetism by means of magneto-motive forces acting along three intersecting lines, one magneto-motive force being proportional to the current and the other two to the electromotive force, the several magneto-motive forces being so proportioned and related to each other that the resultant of the last two is displaced in phase from the first by the complement of the angle of lag, and subjecting an armature to the inductive action of said field."

"7. In a Watt meter for alternating electric. currents, means for producing a magnetic flux proportional to the current and varying in phase therewith, means for producing a second magnetic flux proportional to the electromotive force and lagging in phase behind the same, and means for producing an auxiliary flux along a line at an angle to said second flux, and of such magnitude and phase that the resultant of the two last-mentioned fluxes will lag behind the first by the complement of the angle of lag."

"8. The combination in an electromotor of a field-magnet system and means for inducing therein magnetic fluxes of three phases, one a flux due to a series coil and proportional to the current, a second flux due to a shunt potential coil and lagging behind the electromotive force, and a third flux lagging behind said second flux and having a fixed angular relation thereto such that the resultant of the second and third fluxes is dephased by substantially the complement of the angle of lag from the flux due to the series coil."

"9. The combination in a recording electric meter of a field-magnet system acting on the armature and having a plurality of intersecting magnetic axes, means for inducing along one of said magnetic axes a flux proportional to the current and varying in phase therewith, and means for inducing along the other magnetic axes a plurality of other fluxes dependent upon the potential of the metered circuit, which lag behind the electromotive force by different amounts and act upon the armature at different points, said fluxes being so proportioned in value and phase that their joint action upon the armature will enable the meter to register the true energy consumed in an alternating current circuit without being substantially affected by changes of phase relation."

"10. In a Watt meter for alternating currents, the combination of a field-magnet system having three intersecting magnetic axes, means for producing along one of said axes a magnetic flux proportional to the current and varying in phase therewith means for producing along another of said axes an alternating flux proportional to the electromotive force and lagging behind the same, and means for producing along the third axis an auxiliary magnetic flux also proportional to the electromotive force, of such a magnitude and phase that the joint action of the several fluxes upon the armature will enable the meter to register the true energy consumed in an alternating current circuit without being substantially affected by changes of phase relation."

"11. In a meter for alternating currents, the combination of a field-magnet system having three intersecting magnetic axes, means for producing along one of said axes a magnetic flux proportional to the current and varying in phase therewith, means for producing along another of said axes an alternating flux proportional to the electromotive force and lagging behind the same, and means for producing along the third axes an auxiliary magnetic flux also proportional to the electromotive force and of such magnitude and phase that the joint action of the two potential fluxes upon the armature will produce a torque sufficient to overcome the static friction of the meter."

"12. In a single-phase alternating current meter, the combination of a field-magnet system having three intersecting magnetic axes, a field coil in which the current phase varies as the conditions of the circuit change, producing a magnetization along one magnetic axis, a potential coil producing a magnetization along another magnetic axis, a reactance device in series with said potential coil for lagging the current behind the electromotive force, and a second potential coil depending for its current upon the first potential coil, producing a magnetization along the third magnetic axis; the two potential coils conveying currents which differ in phase from each other, and each generating a flux which acts upon the armature at a point removed from the point at which the flux due to the other potential coil acts upon the armature."

"13. In an electric meter, the combination of a multipolar field-magnet structure having three magnetic axes, current coils mounted upon some of the field poles and producing a magnetization along one of said magnetic axes, potential coils mounted upon other field poles and producing a magnetization along another one of said magnetic axes, and other potential coils mounted upon a portion only of the last-named field poles, or some of them, and producing a magnetization along the third magnetic axis, and an armature acted upon by the flux induced by the field coils."