Cleveland Rolling Mills v. Rhodes, 121 U.S. 255 (1887)
U.S. Supreme Court
Cleveland Rolling Mills v. Rhodes, 121 U.S. 255 (1887)Cleveland Rolling Mills v. Rhodes
Argued March 23, 1887
Decided April 11, 1887
121 U.S. 255
Syllabus
A merchant agreed in writing with the owner of a rolling mill to sell him "the entire product of 14,000 tons iron ore, to be manufactured into pig iron with charcoal" at the furnace of a third person, "and shipped in vessel cargoes as rapidly as possible during the season of navigation of 1880" to the buyer's mill, and
"such portion of the product of said ore as is made after the close of navigation of 1850 is to be shipped on the opening of navigation of 1881, or as near the opening as possible,"
but the buyer to have the privilege of ordering this portion to be forwarded by railroad during the winter of 1880-81. The whole amount of pig iron made from the 14,000 tons of ore was 5,000 tons, of which 3,421 tons were shipped before the close of navigation in 1880, and accepted and paid for. For want of a sufficient supply of charcoal to keep the furnace at work, only 3,506 tons more were made and ready for shipment by the opening of navigation in 1881, and were then shipped as soon as possible, and the remaining 1,073 tons were made afterwards and shipped from time to time during the ensuing two months. Held that the buyer might refuse to accept the iron shipped in 1881.
This was an action brought by Rhodes and Bradley, co-partners and citizens of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, against the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, a corporation of the State of Ohio, upon the following agreement in writing, signed by both parties:
"This agreement, made this sixteenth day of February, A.D. 1880, by and between Rhodes & Bradley, of Chicago, Ill., and the Cleveland Rolling Mill Co., of Cleveland, Ohio, witnesseth that said Rhodes & Bradley have sold to the said Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. the entire product of fourteen thousand (14,000) tons iron ore, to be manufactured into pig iron, with charcoal, by the Leland Furnace Co., of Leland, Mich., said furnace to make as nearly all numbers one and two iron as possible, and to be shipped in vessel cargoes as rapidly as possible to the Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. at Cleveland, Ohio, during the season of navigation of 1880. Such portion
of the product of said ores as is made after the close of navigation of 1880 is to be shipped by vessel to Cleveland on the opening of navigation of 1881, or as near the opening as possible, said Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. to have the privilege of ordering the iron which may be made too late for shipment by lake during the season of 1880 through by rail to Cleveland during the winter of 1880 and 1881, they to pay the additional expense of hauling to railroad, and freighting through to Cleveland by rail over and above what it would cost Rhodes & Bradley to ship by lake on the opening of navigation 1881."
"Said Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. agree to receive said iron as rapidly as shipped and to pay forty-five dollars ($45) per ton (2,240 lbs.) cash for same delivered on rail or vessel at Cleveland, Ohio. The Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. are to have the option of taking a portion of the iron delivered at Chicago, Ill. at the same price and on the same terms and conditions as stated above for delivery in Cleveland, said Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. to furnish a good and suitable dock at which to unload vessels either at Cleveland or Chicago, and to pay vessels any demurrage which they may be justly entitled to by reason of delay in furnishing a dock at which they can be discharged. The iron ore to be furnished at the Leland Iron Co., out of which said iron is to be manufactured, is as follows:"
"6,000 tons Cleveland mine."
"5,000 tons Norway mine."
"1,500 tons Rolling Mill mine."
"1,500 tons Stephenson mine."
"And whereas Rhodes & Bradley's contracts with said mining companies are to the effect that in case of accidents or strikes at said mines resulting in reduced output of ore, said companies are to have the privilege of reducing the amounts due Rhodes & Bradley as above stated in same proportion as other sales, the said Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. agree not to hold Rhodes & Bradley responsible for delivery of pig iron beyond the product of such ores as the mining companies deliver them; also, in case of accidents or strikes at said Leland furnace resulting in the stoppage of said furnace,
then Rhodes & Bradley are not to be held responsible for delivery of pig iron under the contract beyond the responsibility of the Leland Iron Co. to them under the contract between said Leland Iron Co. and Rhodes & Bradley dated January 14, 1880, which contract, as well as Rhodes & Bradley's contracts with the mining companies, are hereby made a part of this agreement."
Prior to January 14, 1880, the plaintiffs had made agreements in writing with the owners of the four mines for the purchase of the amounts of ore above mentioned, to be delivered by them to the plaintiffs during the season of navigation in 1880. And on January 14, 1880, the plaintiffs made an agreement in writing with the Leland Iron Company, which was the owner and manager of a furnace at Leland, in the State of Michigan, by which the plaintiffs agreed to sell to that company the same amounts of those ores, respectively,
"to be furnished 1,500 tons in May, 1880, navigation permitting, and 2,500 tons each month thereafter, as nearly as may be, and all to be delivered to vessel before November 1, 1880, and in suitable quantities of each for the mixtures desired by said Rhodes & Bradley,"
and also agreed
"to purchase the entire product of pig iron of the Leland furnace made from the ores so furnished at the rate of $40 per ton cash, delivered over the rail at Chicago, or $40.25 cash at Cleveland at the option of said Rhodes & Bradley, they to provide proper docking facilities for prompt unloading of vessels,"
and the Leland Iron Company agreed
"to manufacture pig iron from said ores as nearly as practicable of the grades which said Rhodes & Bradley shall desire, and to ship same in cargo lots as rapidly as possible after manufacture during season of navigation to said Rhodes & Bradley, to Chicago or Cleveland as aforesaid."
A jury was duly waived by stipulation in writing, and the case was tried by the court, which found specially that all the above contracts were executed and delivered by the parties thereto, and further specially found as follows:
"3. That the plaintiffs, between May 16 and October 18, 1880, delivered to the Leland Iron Company at Leland, Michigan,
14,168 tons of iron ore, of which 5,980 tons were from the Cleveland mine, 4,405 tons were from the Norway mine, 1,478 tons were for the Rolling Mill mine, and 2,305 tons were from the Stephenson mine."
"4. That the ores from the Stephenson mine and the ores from the Norway mine were alike in value and quality, and that Stephenson mine ore was equally as good and identical in quality and value with the ore from the Norway mine."
"5. That the Leland Iron Company proceeded, soon after such ores began to arrive at Leland, with proper diligence to manufacture said ores into pig iron, and ship the same in cargo lots as rapidly as possible after manufacture from Leland to Cleveland, Ohio, and there delivered the same to the defendant, and the defendant accepted and paid for the same; that before the close of navigation for the season of 1880, the Leland Iron Company had so manufactured and delivered to the defendant 3,421 tons of said pig iron; that the defendant made no objection to the acceptance of said pig iron on said contract between the plaintiffs and the defendant, on the ground of the quality of said iron or of undue delay in the execution of said contract."
"6. That the navigation between Leland and Cleveland and Chicago closed in the fall of 1880 about November 15; that the last cargo of iron was shipped from Leland on November 8, and although the Leland Iron Company had enough iron manufactured to have furnished another cargo of 502 tons by November 15, no vessel could be obtained by which to ship it that fall; that after the close of navigation, the Leland Iron Company continued the manufacture of said ore into pig iron without unreasonable delay, and that after November 8, 1880, and up to and including February 28, 1881, the Leland Iron Company had made 2,100 tons of pig iron from said ore, and by May 7, 1881, had manufactured, and on hand ready for shipment about 3,506 tons; that on May 7, 1881, the Leland Iron Company resumed the shipment of said iron in cargo lots to the defendant at Cleveland, and continued such manufacture and shipment in cargo lots as rapidly as possible, so that the entire product of said ore was manufactured and shipped
from Leland by and including July 2, 1881, all which cargoes arrived at Cleveland in due course and were there tendered to the defendant, and the defendant refused to accept said pig iron or any part thereof, and refused to pay for the same; that if the average daily product of said furnace from November 8, 1880, to May 8, 1881, had been the same as the average daily product from May 18 to November 8, 1880, all said 14,000 tons of ore would have been made into pig iron by about May 10, 1881, but in fact the furnace was shut down for a time, and part of the time the blast was checked for want of a sufficient supply of charcoal, so that about 1,100 tons of said pig iron were made after May 8, 1881."
"7. That in the latter part of the month of February and again about March 3, 1881, the defendant notified the plaintiffs that it would not accept under said contract of February 16, 1880, any iron which was made from said ore after December 31, 1880, and that sometime during the month of May, 1881, the defendant notified the plaintiffs that it would not accept any more iron from the plaintiffs under said contract."
"8. That the fair market price of said pig iron in the Cities of Cleveland and Chicago during the months of March, April, May, June, and July, 1881, was $27 per ton; that the total amount of iron manufactured from said 14,000 tons of iron [ore] and shipped by the Leland Company to the defendant after the opening of navigation in the spring of 1881, was 4,579 tons, and that the difference between the market value of $27 per ton and the contract price was $18 per ton, making a total difference on 4,579 tons of $82,422."
The court rendered judgment upon the special findings for the plaintiffs in the sum of $82,422, and costs. 17 F. 426. The defendant excepted to the admission of evidence at the trial, to the refusal of the court to make certain special findings requested, and to the judgment for the plaintiffs, and afterwards sued out this writ of error.
